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CELS191 > Endomembrane System and Bulk Transport Process > Flashcards

Endomembrane System and Bulk Transport Process Flashcards

Lecture 5

1
Q

What does the endomembrane system include?

A
  • Nuclear envelope
    -Endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough)
  • Golgi apparatus
  • vesicles
    -Lyososomes
    -Vacuoles
    -Plasma membrane
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2
Q

What is the endomembrane system

A

A membrane system interconnected by directed physical contact or transfer by vesicles

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3
Q

How to move proteins out of the cell

A
  • Synthesise
    -Tag and package
    -Deliver
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4
Q

When you move proteins out of the cell by delivering it,

A

vesicles transport proteins and cause fuse with membrane of organelles/ the cells

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5
Q

Synthesis occurs in

A

the endoplasmic reticulum

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6
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum..

A

is composed of two regions which is the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum.

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6
Q

Tag and package occurs in

A

the golgi apparatus

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7
Q

First three functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • Metabolism of carbohydrates
  • Lipid synthesis for membranes
  • Detoxification of drugs and poisons
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8
Q

Second three functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • Storage of calcium ions used as a signal in the cell
  • Extensive smooth endoplasmic reticulum in cells active in these processes
  • The amount of smooth endoplasmic reticulum can be increased or decreased to meet demand
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9
Q

First Two functions of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • Rough appearance due to ribosomes
  • Involved in protein synthesis
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10
Q

Second two functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • Secreted and membrane bound proteins enter the lumen which is the interior of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • and are processed by the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the rest of the endomembrane system for release from the cell or retention on the cell membrane
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11
Q

The golgi complex

A

Series of membrane sacs and associated vesicles

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12
Q

Function of the golgi complex

A

Receives, modifies, sorts and ships proteins arriving from the rough endoplasmic reticulum

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13
Q

The golgi complex has polarity.

A
  • Vesicles form endoplasmic reticulum arrive at the cis face
    -Processed vesicles leave at the trans face
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14
Q

Glycosylation

A
  • Addition or modification of carbohydrates to proteins
    -Important for secreted or cell surface proteins
  • Golgi also produces many polysaccharides which may also be secreted from the cell
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15
Q

Sorting proteins

A
  • Adds molecular markers to direct proteins to the correct vesicles before “budding” from the trans face
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16
Q

Directing vesicle trafficking 1

A
  • Adds molecular tags to vesicles leaving the trans face to direct them to the correct targets
  • The tags are often short proteins exposed on the vesicle surface
17
Q

Directing vesicle trafficking 2

A
  • Tags direct vesicles to lysosomes, or secretory pathways, or to plasma membrane to add to membrane proteins
    -Act as docking sites when they reach their target
18
Q

Artificial vesicles (liposomes) can be used for..

A

drug and vaccine delivery

19
Q

types of vesicles

A

Membrane bound (lipid bilayer), cytoplasm filled organelles

Names reflect function:
- Transport
- Secretory
- Vacuoles

20
Q

Exocytosis

A

Transports material (glycoproteins) out of the cell or delivers it to the cell surface

20
Q

Bulk transport across the plasma membrane

A
  • Exocytosis
    -Endocytosis
  • Phagocytosis
  • Pinocytosis
    -Receptor mediated endocytosis
21
Q

Two types of exocytosis

A
  • Constitutive exocytosis
    -Regulated exocytosis
22
Q

Constitutive exocytosis

A

Releases extracellular matrix proteins

23
Q

Regulated exocytosis

A

Reles hormones and neurotransmitters

24
Q

Endocytosis

A

The cell takes in molecules and particulate matter at the plasma membrane

25
Q

Phagocytosis

A
  • Cell eating
  • Uptake of food particles
  • Forms a phagocytic vacuole which is digested by the lysosomes
  • In humans this occurs in macrophages
26
Q

Pinocytosis

A
  • Cell drinking
  • Uptake of extracellular fluid containing various solutes such as protein and sugars
  • Up takes vesicles is formed with the aid of a coat protein
  • Up take is non-selective
27
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis

A
  • Specialised from of pinocytosis
  • Allows the cell to take up bulk quantities of specific substances which may be present at only low concentrations in the extracellular fluid
  • Receptor proteins are used to selectively capture the required solute
28
Q

Phagocytic vacuoles fuse with…

A

lyososomes

29
Q

Lysosomes are

A

membrane bound organelles made by the rough endoplasmic reticulum and golgi body containing hydrolytic enzymes

30
Q

The interior of a lysosomes is acidic which is required for..

A

the enzymes to be active

31
Q

What is required for enzymes to be active

A

The interior of a lysosomes should be acidic

32
Q

Lysosomes degrade..

A

proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids and release breakdown products into the cell

33
Q

Lysosomes digest and recycle..

A

unwanted cellular materials

34
Q

Autophagy is important for cell health. What is it?

A

Lysosomes digest and recycle unwanted cellular materials

35
Q

Lysosomal digestion is also important in..

A

programmed cell death in which whole cells “intentionally” die

36
Q

Defects in lyososomal enzymes can result in..

A

lysosomal storage diseases

37
Q

Food vacuoles are involved in..

A

phagocytosis

38
Q

Why are vacuoles important in plants

A
  • Can perform lysosome like functions
  • The large central vacuole absorbs water allowing plant cells to grow without a large increase in cytoplasm
39
Q

Vacuoles are usually the..

A

largest compartment in a plant cell

CELS191 (9 decks)

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