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CELS191 > Building Blocks of Cells > Flashcards

Building Blocks of Cells Flashcards

Lecture 3

1
Q

2 building blocks together form..

A

Macromolecules

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2
Q

2 Macromolecules form..

A

Supramolecules/ Supramolecular Assemblies

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3
Q

How are most macromolecules formed?

A

They are formed by polymerisation of the building blocks joined together by chemically strong covalent bonds.

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4
Q

What are the organic biological molecules that are necessary for life?

A

Macromolecules

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5
Q

What are macromolecules composed of?

A

Thousands of atoms or more, which adds up to a large molecular mass

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6
Q

Amino acids form..

A

Proteins

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7
Q

Nucleobases form…

A

DNA and RNA

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8
Q

Simple carbohydrates form..

A

Complex Carbohydrates

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9
Q

What forms lipids?

A

Glycerol, fatty acids and hydrocarbon rings

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10
Q

Life is composed of mainly 4 of what macromolecules?

A
  • Polysaccharides
    -Nucleic acids
    -Protein
    -Lipids
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11
Q

Which three macromolecules are polymeric?

A

Polysaccharides, nucleic acids and protein

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12
Q

Which macromolecule is non polymeric?

A

Lipids

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13
Q

What are the four kinds of carbohydrates

A

-Monosaccharides
-Disaccharides
-Oligosaccharides
-Polysaccharides

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14
Q

Which carbohydrates are simple carbohydrates/sugars

A

Monosaccharides and disaccharides

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15
Q

Which carbohydrates are complex carbohydrates

A

Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides

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16
Q

What is the basis behind the names of the carbohydrates?

A

It depends on how many building blocks are used to make them up

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17
Q

What are monosaccharides

A

The single unit blocks of carbohydrates

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18
Q

What are the two kinds of monosaccharides

A

Hexose monosaccharides and pentose monosaccharides

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19
Q

What are hexose monosaccharides

A

They are the building blocks of higher order carbohydrates

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20
Q

What are pentose monosaccharides

A

They are usually part of larger molecules like nucleic acid

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21
Q

What is the difference between hexose and pentose monosaccharides?

A

In DNA, the pentose monosaccharides have hydrogen on the second carbon, while there is a hydroxyl group attached in the second carbon of the RNA.

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22
Q

What monosaccharides form part of information molecules like DNA

A

Pentose monosaccharides

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23
Q

What are dissacharides

A

Two monosaccharides joined together

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24
Q

What are oligosaccharides

A

They are several monosaccharides linked together, with 3 to approximately 10 monosaccharides linked together

25
Q

What are polysaccharides

A

Made out of glucose monomers and have a lot of function of cells

26
Q

What is starch

A

A type of complex carbohydrate found in plants and is made up of amylose and amylopectin.

27
Q

What is amylose

A

A long chain of glucose molecules that are linked together

28
Q

What is amylopectin

A

Amylopectin is a long chain of glucose molecules, but is a more branched structure compared to amylose.

29
Q

Plant carbohydrates

A

Starch and Cellulose

30
Q

What is glycogen

A

The complex carbohydrate that we store in our body. It is similar to the amylopectin part of starch, just more compact and has more branches

31
Q

Animal carbohydrate

A

Glycogen

32
Q

What is cellulose

A

A plant carbohydrate that has a lot of polymers or lines of glucose polymers stacked on top of each other.

33
Q

Three functions of carbohydrates

A

Recognition, Energy and Structure

34
Q

Carbohydrate function: Recognition

A

Some carbohydrates found on the cell membrane will either recognise pathogens such as bacteria or viruses, others will involve immune responses and antibodies/other proteins, and cell recognition is also important.

35
Q

Carbohydrate function: Energy

A

Carbohydrates are energy molecules. When we eat and digest these carbohydrates, we chop each individual glucose molecule off into smaller pieces and the mitochondria will use that to generate energy. Same thing happens with the glycogen.

36
Q

Carbohydrate function: Structure

A

Cellulose has a structural function in the plant cell wall.

37
Q

Why can’t we use cellulose as an energy source

A

because we do not have the enzymes to break down the glucose monomers found in the cellulose. The kind of chemical bonds between the glucose monomers making up cellulose and the glucose monomers making up starch are very different.

38
Q

What are the building blocks of nucleic acid

A

DNA and RNA

39
Q

What are the three components of nucleotides

A

Phosphate group, ribose sugar and a base group

40
Q

What two DNA bases have a two ring structure referred to as Purine

A

Adenine and Guanine

41
Q

What is the two ring structure called in DNA bases

A

Purine

42
Q

What bases have a one ring structure

A

Cyotsine and thymine

43
Q

What is the one ring structure for bases called?

A

Pyrimidine

44
Q

What is the difference between RNA and DNA bases?

A

Instead of thymine, RNA has the uracil base.

45
Q

What are polynucleotides

A

A polynucleotide is a combination of nucleotide monomers which are connected to each other through covalent bonds.

46
Q

What is the difference between the RNA and DNA structure

A

The RNA polymer is one long chain like a spiral where the bases point towards the middle and the middle part is the sugar phosphate backbone. The DNA has two sugar phosphate backbones and bases pointing towards the middle, but it has two strands twisted around each other, called the DNA helix.

47
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins

A

Amino acids

48
Q

How many standard amino acids are there

A

20

49
Q

What is the basic structure of all amino acids

A

An amino group attached to a carbon and on the end is a carboxyl group

50
Q

What is the function of proteins

A

Proteins are the workers of the cell and are action molecules.

51
Q

How do we classify steroid hormones

A

By hydrophobicity

52
Q

Are lipids polymers

A

No

53
Q

Are lipids macromolecules

A

Yes

54
Q

What are the three functions of lipids?

A

Structural, Regulatory and Energy

55
Q

Function of lipids: energy

A

Some lipids will act as an energy molecule, also referred to as fat molecules or triacylglycerol

56
Q

What are phospholipids

A

They are membrane that make up major lipids. It has. big polar head region and two long fatty acid chains attached to it. They make up cell membranes.

57
Q

Functions of lipids: Regulatory

A

Lipids help regulate hormones, transmit nerve impulses, cushion organs, and store energy in the form of body fat

58
Q

Functions of lipids: Structural

A

Many lipids provide a structural role or provide a structural support in some way.

CELS191 (9 decks)

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