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Human Physiology (BIOL 2410/2420) > Endocrinology basics > Flashcards

Endocrinology basics Flashcards

1
Q

What is endocrinology?

A

Communication between cells, organs and systems via release of hormones locally or systemically

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2
Q

What are the major endocrine sites/tissues?

A
  1. Pineal gland + pituitary (control systems)
  2. Parathyroid and thyroid
  3. Adrenal gland (Epi, Nor-epi, cortisol)
  4. Pancreas (endo+exocrine functions, insulin)
  5. ovary (estrogen)
  6. Testes (testosterone)
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3
Q

Who are william bayliss and ernest starling?

A

Found that blood borne cells in the duodenum target exocrine cells in the pancreas (first learning of hormones)

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4
Q

What are the steps in an endocrine pathway?

A
  1. Stimulus targets receptor of effector
  2. Effector secretes hormones into blood
  3. Hormones travel and bind to target cell
  4. Target cell activates and responds
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5
Q

How do the structure of peptides, amino acid derivatives and steroid hormones differ?

A
  1. Peptides: chains of amino acids
  2. AA: catecholamines, thyroid hormone, melatonin
  3. Steroids: cholesterol derivatives
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6
Q

How do the solubility of peptides, amino acid derivatives and steroid hormones differ?

A
  1. Peptides: hydrophilic
  2. AA: Hydrophilic (catecholamines + melatonin), and hydrophobic (thyroid hormone)
  3. Steroids: hydrophobic
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7
Q

How do the secretion of peptides, amino acid derivatives and steroid hormones differ?

A
  1. Peptides: exocytosis
  2. AA: exocytosis (catecholamines + melatonin), and endo/exocytosis (thyroid)
  3. Steroids: regulated diffusion
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8
Q

How do the transport of peptides, amino acid derivatives and steroid hormones differ?

A
  1. Peptides: transport as free active peptide or precursor
  2. ~50% to carrier protein (catecholamine + melatonin), most bound to carrier protein (thyroid)
  3. Steroid: most bound to carrier protein
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9
Q

How do the source of peptides, amino acid derivatives and steroid hormones differ?

A

Peptides: pituitary, pancreas, GI tract

AA: adrenal medulla (catecholamine), thyroid gland (thyroid), pineal gland (melatonin)

  1. steroids: adrenal and sex steroids
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10
Q

What is the difference between constitutive and regulated hormones?

A

Constitutive: constantly secreted

Regulated: secreted from time to time

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11
Q

What are examples of post-translational modification of peptide hormones?

A
  1. Peptide cleavage (from pre/pro hormone)
  2. Glycosylation
  3. Phosphorylation
  4. Sulfation
  5. Amidation
  6. Acetylation
  7. subunit aggregation
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12
Q

What does the Prepro-thyrotropin-releasing hormone (PreproTRH) break down into?

A
  • 6 TRH
  • Other peptide fragments
  • signal sequence
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13
Q

What does the Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) break down into?

A
  • beta endorphin + lipotropin (energy balance)
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • ACTH may break down into alpha MSH based on whether or not the cell expresses the enzyme proconvertase
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14
Q

How do hormones act through negative feedback? Which hormones express this?

A

A stimulus causes the release of a substance whose effects then inhibit further release. Frequently seen in trophic hormones (produced by anterior pituitary; TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH)

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15
Q

What are the 4 neuromodulatory systems?

A

Nor epi, serotonin, dopamine, acetylcholine

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16
Q

What are hormonal rhythms?

A

Cycling of release of hormones based on environmental cycles. (e.g. melatonin peaking at night, cortisol peaks in the morning and evening)

17
Q

What are carrier proteins?

A

Proteins that bind to hormones as they travel through the blood. Can be general or specific, based on binding affinity

18
Q

What are 3 examples of hormone carries and what do they carry?

A
  1. corticosteroid binding globulin: bind to corticosteroids
  2. thyroid homrone binding globulin, transthyretin: bind to thyroid hormones
  3. albumin: act as general carriers, bind to catecholamines so they are less likely to be filtered out of blood via kidneys due to small size
19
Q

What are the half life values of single AA hormones, peptide hormones, and steroid hormones?

A

single AA: minutes due to small size

peptide: minutes - hours due to large size

steroid: hours due to high conservation as a result of the energy taken to make the hormone

20
Q

What are 3 ways hormones are inactivated?

A
  1. Enzyme degradation (e.g. trypsin)
  2. Hormone receptor complex endocytosis
  3. Conjugation (sulfate attaches which tags hormone for degradation)
21
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary endocrine dysfunction?

A

Primary: single endocrine gland stops working

Secondary: master gland that regulates other glands stops working

22
Q

What is the difference between hyposecretion and hypersecretion?

A

Hyposecretion: primary or secondary, results of atrophy of endocrine gland and is normally treated through replacement therapy

Hypersecretion: primary or secondary, usually the result of benign tumour and treated through inhibition

23
Q

What is a plieotropic hormone?

A

A hormone with many targets. Includes thyroid and melatonin

24
Q

What does an endocrine dysfunction look like at the target cell?

A

Lack of receptors or biochemical machinery at the target cell (e.g. hyperinsulinemia)

25
Q

How do receptors influence abundance and affinity of hormones?

A

Receptors at target cells up and down regulate themselves and influence hormone abundance and affinity via law of mass action.

26
Q

What is the equilibrium for binding of hormones?

A

Kd = [Hormone][Receptor]/[Hormone bound to Receptor]

27
Q

What is the difference between permissiveness and synergism?

A

Permissiveness: one hormone cannot fully exert its effect without the other being present (thyroid must be present for some hormones to work)

Synergism: combined effect of multiple hormones is greater than the sum of their individual effects (glucagon, cortisol. epinephrine)

28
Q

What is antagonism ?

A

Actions of one hormone reduces effectiveness of the second. Can be direct (block binding site) or indirect (inhibit release of hormone further up the pathway)

29
Q

What are types of membrane bound hormone receptors?

A
  1. ligand gated
  2. enzyme linked
  3. guanylyl cyclase
  4. GPROTEIN LINKED RECEPTORS: cascades include adenylate cyclase, guanylate cyclase, and inositol phosphate and diacyl glycerol.
30
Q

What is the difference between response of membrane bound receptors and nuclear receptors?

A

Membrane bound: FAST, creates short cascades including adenylate cyclase, guanylate cyclase, and inositol phosphate and diacyl glycerol.

Nuclear rceptors: SLOW, creates long lasting changes in genome

Human Physiology (BIOL 2410/2420) (15 decks)

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