Endocrinology and Hematology Flashcards
1
Q
The Endocrine System
A
- collection of glands which secrete chemical messengers (hormones) into the blood
2
Q
The Exocrine System
A
- collection of glands which secrete hormones into ducts of epithelia tissue
3
Q
Hormones
A
- a regulatory substance produced to stimulate specific tissues/cells into action (targeted)
- modified amino acids, peptides, lipids
4
Q
Endocrine-Organs of the HPA axis
A
- hypothalamus: maintains homeostasis (temperature, sleep, hunger, stress, thirst, etc.)
- pituitary gland: master gland, takes messages from the brain and relays them all to the different parts of your body
- adrenal glands:
- -1. cortex: salt/water balance for BP maintenance, stress response
- -2. medulla: epinephrine/norepinephrine (sympathetic nervous system)
5
Q
Endocrine-Other Organs
A
- thyroid gland: metabolic rate, cardiac function, digestive function, muscle control, brain development, mood, bone density
- Islets of Langerhans of the Pancreas
- a cells: glucagon (raises BGL)
- B cells: insulin
- 8 cells: somatostatin (inhibits growth, decreases pancreatic hormone secretion, and decreases digestion)
- pancreatic polypeptide: self-regulatory cells
6
Q
Endocrinology - System Related Diseases
A
- a lot
- chronic
- often related to metabolism (weight gain and weight loss)
- psychological symptoms (mood swings and irritability)
- systemic
- risk factors: sex (females are usually at higher risk), age, genetics, autoimmune disorders, etc.
7
Q
Diabetes (Insulin/Glucagon)
A
- Insulin: acts as a key for cells to take up glucose from the blood, decreases BGL, increases glucose within cells
- Glucagon: breaks down glycogen stores (sugar stores) in the liver into the blood, increases BGL when glucose within cells are low
8
Q
Diabetes (Types)
A
- Type 1/IDDM
- Type 2/NIDDM
- Gestational Diabetes
9
Q
Type 1/IDDM
A
- Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
- lack of insulin production due to autoimmune disorder targeting B cells in the pancreas
- commonly diagnosed in children (early onset)
- medications: humalog, novalog, novalin, lantis
10
Q
Type 2/NIDDM
A
- Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
- body isn’t sensitive to insulin (“wack” regulation or built up tolerance)
- commonly found later in life due to poor lifestyle choices
- medications: metformin/glucophage
11
Q
Gestational Diabetes
A
- occurs during pregnancy (changes in how cells use glucose)
- tends to lead to hyperglycemia
- risk factor: developing type 2 after childbirth
- treatment: birth
12
Q
Diabetes in EMS - Hypoglycemia
A
- BGL < 80 mg/dL
- can be caused by decreased input into blood (vomiting, not eating, etc.) or increased output into blood (taking too much insulin)
- tends to have rapid onset
- presents as cool, pale, clammy, AMS, irritable, weakness, tachycardia, tremors, blurred vision, and slurred speech
- “cool, pale, clammy, give me candy”
- can lead to insulin shock which can lead to LOC, seizures, coma, and death
- insulin shock = body shutting down because of low BGL
13
Q
Diabetes in EMS - Hyperglycemia
A
- BGL > 120 mg/dL
- caused by inactivity, forgetting insulin, and eating improperly
- tends to have slower onset
- presents as AMS, fruity breath, warm, dry, fatigue, 3 P’s
- polyphagia = excessive hunger
- polydipsia = excessive thirst
- polyuria = excessive urination
- can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis: body starts breaking down ketones (a type of sugar), which increases blood acidity because increased generation of CO2
14
Q
Diabetes Spectrum
A
Insulin Shock - Hypoglycemia - Normal (70-120) - Hyperglycemia - Hyperglycemic DKA
15
Q
When to take BGL
A
- AMS (Painful or Unresponsive)
- Diabetic History
- In focused assessment
