Endocrinology

Question 1

What are the resulting hormone levels from GHRH deficiency

Answer 1

Low GH/IGF-1

Question 2

What are the resulting hormone levels with GH deficiency?

Answer 2

If it is a problem with GH gene expression and release, there are low levels of GH and IGF-1

If it is a problem with the GH receptor on the liver, there will be high levels of GH and no negative feedback and low levels of IGF-1

Question 3

What are the hormonal results of Laron dwarfism?

Answer 3

GH and IGF-1 levels are normal

Question 4

What is the structure of prolactin?

Answer 4

A single chain polypeptide with 4 alpha helices

Question 5

What does prolactin do in amphibians?

Answer 5

Prevents metamorphosis

Question 6

What does prolactin do in fish?

Answer 6

Osmoregulation

Question 7

What type of gland is the mammary gland?

Answer 7

An exocrine gland

Question 8

What is the structure of mammary gland?

Answer 8

An alveolar cell surrounded by myoepithelial cells.

Question 9

How does actual milk production work?

Answer 9

Prolactin tells the alveolar to make milk products and oxytocin tells the alveolar cells to release milk

Question 10

What are glycoproteins?

Answer 10

Polypeptides that have carbohydrate groups covalently linked

Question 11

What is glycoproteins structure?

Answer 11

Heterodimers with an alpha and beta subunit

Question 12

What part of the glycoproteins is different between hormone?

Answer 12

The beta subunit

Question 13

What 4 hormones are glycoproteins?

Answer 13

FSH, TSH, LH, and HCG

Question 14

What are the steps for biosynthesis of glycoproteins?

Answer 14

1) the alpha and B subunit gene is expressed
2) the mRNAs are translated at the ER
3) signal peptidase cuts off signal sequence
4) glycosylation occurs in rER
5) the heterodimer is assembled in the ER by H bonding and moves to the golgi to be packaged into secretory vesicles

Question 15

What is the mode of action of glycoprotein hormone?

Answer 15

The beta subunit finds the target cell and the alpha subunit bonds to the GPCR to activate the G protein and the ardenylyl cyclase, then the biological response occurs through a cAMP/PKA system and the PKA mediates the biological response

Question 16

What are the four embryonic cell types?

Answer 16

Gamete precursor cells, pre-sertoli cells, pre-leydig cells, pre-follicular cells

Question 17

Which three embryonic cell types are important to males?

Answer 17

Gamete precursor cells, pre-sertoli cells, and pre-leydig cells

Question 18

What is the order of differentiation of embryonic cell types in males?

Answer 18

Pre-sertoli to sertoli, pre-leydig to leydig, gamete precursor—> gamete

Question 19

What 2 cell types are important to the embryonic development of genetic females?

Answer 19

Pre-follicular cells and pre-gamete cells

Question 20

What hormone does the Sertoli cell release? Which hormone does the leydig cell release?

Answer 20

AMH-sertoli; testosterone-leydig

Question 21

If AMH is present what happens internally?

Answer 21

The Müllerian duct is degraded and T diffentiates the wolffian duct into the bad deferens

Question 22

If there is no AMH what happens internally?

Answer 22

The Müllerian duct turns into the Fallopian tube and the wolffian duct undergoes programmed cell death

Question 23

Which sex develops with the absence of chemical signals?

Answer 23

Female

Question 24

What does the genital condition look like at 4 1/2 weeks?

Answer 24

The urethral slit, Müllerian and wolffian ducts are present, and phallus and genital swelling

Question 25

What is the genital condition at 7-8 weeks?

Answer 25

The structures are larger

Question 26

What happens with females vs males at 12 weeks with external genitals?

Answer 26

In the male, the phallus increases in size to become the penis with the urethra through the middle, the genital swellings increase in size, the urogenital slit is not present

In the female, the urogenital slit is still present, the genital swellings become the labia, and the phallus becomes the clitoris