Endocrinology

Question 1

HCG and thyroid

Answer 1

HCG simulates TSH so can lead to a rise in T3/T4 and reduced TSH.

Question 2

Where is parathyroid hormone made?

Answer 2

Chief cells in parathyroid

Question 3

Where are the parathyroids from embryologically?

Answer 3

3rd (superior) and 4th (inferior) pharyngeal pouches

Question 4

Blood supply to parathyroids?

Answer 4

thyroid arteries

Question 5

Where is prolactin produced?

Answer 5

anterior pituitary

Question 6

milk ejection reflex

Answer 6

oxytocin

Question 7

oxytocin produced in

Answer 7

posterior pituitary

Question 8

What controls prolactin release

Answer 8

Thyrotropin releasing hormone

Question 9

Antagonist of prolactin

Answer 9

dopamine

Question 10

prolactin levels in day

Answer 10

diurnal variation - higher at night and evening

Question 11

thyroid gland starts to secrete week

Answer 11

11

Question 12

thyroid developed at

Answer 12

5-6 week and descends in to the neck via thyroglossal duct

Question 13

immune mediator in Grave’s disease

Answer 13

IgG autoantibody

Question 14

Graves may affect fetus

Answer 14

Goitre and thyrotoxicosis

Question 15

Cortisol produced by

Answer 15

zona fasciculata in cortex of adrenal gland.

Question 16

cortisol bound to … in the blood

Answer 16

cortisol binding globulin

Question 17

RAAS activated by

Answer 17

reduced BP detected by baroreceptors

Question 18

Renin activated when

Answer 18

macula densa (part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus) stimulated by decreased filtered sodium concentration to release renin

Question 19

renin acts on

Answer 19

angiotensinogen - cleaves an inactive peptide to create angiotensin 1

Question 20

ACE - where? does what?

Answer 20

lungs

converts Ang 1 to Ang 2.

Question 21

Ang 2 actions

Answer 21

potent vasoconstrictor of arterioles and causes release of aldosterone.

Question 22

Electrolytes in Addisons

Answer 22

Hypo Na, Hyper K

Question 23

Waterhouse - Friderichsen syndrome

Answer 23

haemorrhage in to adrenal cortex as a result of meningococcal septicaemia.

Question 24

MEN 1

Answer 24

Pituitary, parathyroid, pancreas

Question 25

MEN 2

Answer 25

Parathyroid, thyroid, pheo

Question 26

progesterone is produced by

Answer 26

theca and granulosa cells

Question 27

testosterone produced by

Answer 27

theca cells only

Question 28

oestradiol produced by

Answer 28

granulosa only

Question 29

theca cells have receptors for

Answer 29

LH

Question 30

granulosa cells have receptors for

Answer 30

FSH mainly, then LH later on.

Question 31

which oestrogen in menopause

Answer 31

oestrone

Question 32

main oestrogen between menarche and menopause

Answer 32

oestradiol

Question 33

aromatase

Answer 33

converts testosterone to oestradiol

Question 34

oogonium

Answer 34

primordial follicles stuck in prophase 1. diploid 46N

Question 35

primary oocytes

Answer 35

undergo Meiosis 1 after an LH surge mature after puberty have 46 chromosomes

Question 36

secondary oocytes

Answer 36

Meiosis 1 complete. polar body degenerates 23 chromosomes prepare to undergo meiosis 2 after fertilisation

Question 37

What kind of hormone is FSH

Answer 37

glycoprotein

Question 38

Where is FSH produced

Answer 38

Anterior pituitary

Question 39

What is made in the anterior pituitary

Answer 39

``` growth hormone (GH) prolactin (PRL) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) luteinizing hormone (LH) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). ```

Question 40

What is made in the posterior pituitary

Answer 40

oxytocin | ADH

Question 41

changes during puberty

Answer 41

Thelarche - breast development Adrenarche - pubic hair Menarche - periods

Question 42

Puberty staging system

Answer 42

Tanner staging

Question 43

Prolactin has similar structure to

Answer 43

Growth hormone and Human placental lactogen

Question 44

Human placental lactogen produced by

Answer 44

syncitiotrophoblast

Question 45

hCG is what kind of molecule

Answer 45

peptide

Question 46

Hypothalamus synthesises

Answer 46

oxytocin | thyrotrophin releasing hormone

Question 47

Cortisol and renal hormone levels in pregnancy - up or down?

Answer 47

all UP

Question 48

Inhibitor of Growth Hormone

Answer 48

Somatostatin

Question 49

What GH promotes

Answer 49

anti-insulin, Lipolysis