Endocrinology Flashcards
What are autocrine glands
Cells that release hormones into interstitial fluid
What are the 4 main types of hormones
- Peptide hormones
- Steroid hormones
- Hormones derived from tyrosine
- Eicosanoids
What are 3 advantages of peptide hormones over steroid hormones
- Peptides are much more targeted as hey can only bind with their specific receptor
- Short lasting as they can be broken down by any peptidases
- Secondary messenger model is used so they are not changed in shape and can give a large activation even in small quantities
Name 5 primary endocrine glands
- Hypothalamus
- Pituitary gland
- Pineal gland
- Parathyroid gland
- Adrenal gland
- Pancreas
- Ovaries/testes
- Placenta (pregnant people only)
What does somatostatin (the hormone) do
An inhibitory hormone when released from the hypothalamus
What do hormones made in the thyroid gland consist of
Tyrosine and iodine
How many small glands make up the thyroid gland
4
What do the adrenal glands produce
Catecholamines (like adrenaline, dopamine and noradrenaline)
What are the names of the three zones of the adrenal cortex
- Zona glomerulosa
- Zona fasiculata
- Zona reticularis
What does the Zona glomerulosa in the adrenal cortex do
Produces mineralocorticoids which balance Na+ and K+ concs
What does the Zona fasiculata in the adrenal cortex do
Produces glucocorticoids such as cortisol
What does the Zona reticularis in the adrenal cortex do
Produces weak androgens which have a large effect on women’s pubic hair growth and libido
What are the different cell in the islets of Langerhan called and what do they produce
- C cells release glucagon
- B cells release insulin
- D cells release somatostatin
- PP cells release pancreatic polypeptide
- Epsilon cells release ghrelin
What is unusual about the energy sources the nervous system can use
It cannot gain energy from amino acids or fatty acids and can only use glucose and ketones
What is the range of normal blood glucose a few hours after eating
4 mmol/L too 7 mmol/L
What does growth hormone effect
Metabolism directly
Growth indirectly
What physically is stress
A medium/long term state of threat so the bodies homeostasis is aimed towards survival in the short rather then the long term
What do thyroid hormones usually do
Affect the basal metabolic rate and increase metabolism of ketones
What atom is used in almost all thyroid hormones
Iodine
What hormone is responsible for stimulating bone reabsorption
Parathyroid hormone
