Endocrinology

Question 1

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis what type of thyroid cancer is it associated with?

Answer 1

Lymphoma

Question 2

Most common Thyroid cancer?

Answer 2

Papillary
Often young females
Excellent prognosis

Question 3

Mechanism of action - Metformin

Answer 3

Activates AMPK (insulin sensitivity increase)
Also improves lipid profile

Question 4

Mechanism of action - Sulfonylureas

Answer 4

Inhibit KATP-channel

Question 5

Examples of sulfonlyureas

Answer 5

Glyburide, glipizide

Question 6

Mechanism of action - GLP-1 agonists

Answer 6

Activates GLP-1-receptor

Question 7

Important side effect of GLP-1 agonists and when it is CI

Answer 7

Pancreatitis
CI: Thyroid C-cell tumours

Question 8

Examples of GLP-1 agonists

Answer 8

‘tides’ -injectables
Liraglutide
Exenatide

Question 9

Mechanism of action - TZD

Answer 9

PPAR gamma agonists

Question 10

Side effects of TZD

Answer 10

Edema
Bone loss
Hepatotoxic
Risk of bladder Ca
DO NOT USE IN HF

Question 11

Examples of TZD

Answer 11

-glitazones

Question 12

Side effects of SGLT2 inhibitors

Answer 12

UTIs
DKA
Dehydration

Question 13

Examples of SGLT2 inhibitors

Answer 13

gliflozins

Question 14

Examples of DPP-4 inhibitors

Answer 14

glitpins

Question 15

Side effects of DPP-4 inhibitors

Answer 15

More infections
Rash
Angioedema

Question 16

MODY inheritance pattern

Answer 16

Autosomal Dominant

Question 17

What is MODY 2 and 3 most responsive to?

Answer 17

Sulphonylureas

Question 18

MODY characteristics

Answer 18

<25 onset
Normal weight
No DKA

Question 19

Impaired Fasting glucose range (prediabetic stage)

Answer 19

6.1-6.9 mmol/l

Question 20

Impaired Glucose tolerance test range

Answer 20

7.8 - 11 mmol/l

Question 21

Galactosaemia

Answer 21

Unable to metabolise milk/dairy
Deficiency of the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT).

Question 22

Inheritance of galactosaemia

Answer 22

Autosomal Recessive

Question 23

Features of galactosaemia

Answer 23

1. Jaundice
2. Failure to thrive
3. Hepatomegaly
4. Catacts
5. Hypoglycaemia
6. Fanconi syndome

Question 24

How to test for galactosaemia

Answer 24

Urine test - reducing substances

Question 25

Types of Hyponatraemia and treatment

Answer 25

Hypovolaemia - IVF Euvolaemic - Fluid restrict - Consider Demeclocycline Hypervolaemia - Fluid restrict - Diuretics - Vaptans

Question 26

Mechanism of Vaptans

Answer 26

Vasopressin/ADH receptor antagonist - Stimulate Thirst - Hepatotoxic - Selective water diuresis , sparing electrolytes

Question 27

Metabolic syndrome also known as

Answer 27

AKA- Syndrome X / insuline resistance syndrome

Question 28

What electrolyte abnormalities are seen in adrenal insufficiency?

Answer 28

↓ Sodium (hyponatraemia), ↑ Potassium (hyperkalaemia)

Question 29

What are the symptoms of hypoadrenalism?

Answer 29

Fatigue, hypotension, hyperpigmentation, hyponatraemia, hyperkalaemia