Endocrinology Flashcards
function of the endocrine system?
coordinate and integrate cellular activity within the whole body regulating cellular and organ function throughout life and maintaining homeostasis.
Hormones are ?? produced by ??. They are released into the ?? and travel to their target. Hormones act by binding to ? receptors. Hormone levels are regulated through ? mechanisms
chemical messengers
endocrine glands
blood stream
specific
feedback
? is the control centre of the release of many hormones in the body. It can detect low or high levels of endocrine hormones in the blood stream and regulates them using ??.
hypothalamus
negative feedback
Low hormone levels -> hypothalamus produces the corresponding ? hormone which acts on the ??. which produces and secretes the corresponding ? hormone which acts on the target organ gland and stimulates hormone production. Once levels have returned to normal this stimulates the hypothalamus and pituitary to stop producing ? and ? hormones
releasing
pituitary gland
stimulating
releasing
stimulating
what is primary endocrine dysfunction?
dysfunction in the secreting gland
in primary endocrine dysfunction
Hormone overproduction is caused by ?? and ???
Hormone underproduction is caused by ?? and ???
autoimmune disease
exocrine gland tumour
autoimmune disease
drug side effects
what is secondary endocrine dysfunction?
failure of hypothalamus-pituitary control
what are the two types of pituitary tumour?
functional adenomas - secretes hormone
non-functional adenomas - can’t secrete hormones but if big enough can put pressure on pituitary glandular tissue preventing secretion of stimulating hormones
how are pituitary tumours removed?
trans-sphenoidal approach through nasal passage and sphenoidal sinus, its minimally invasive and has a fast recovery
what is hypothalamic dysfunction caused by?
brain tumours
brain surgery/radiotherapy
trauma
congenital disorders
what is growth hormone function?
growth and metabolism
growth hormone
Hypothalamus produces ????, anterior pituitary in response produces growth hormone. GH acts on the liver, bones and muscles to produce ????
growth hormone releasing hormone
insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)
how is growth hormone assessed in blood tests?
measure IGF-1
what does insufficient growth hormone lead to?
Growth failure in children, metabolic changes (increased fat) in adults
what does excessive growth hormone lead to?
Children - gigantism
Adults - acromegaly
what is the most common cause of acromegaly?
benign pituitary tumour
dental implications of acromegaly 5
Ill-fitting dentures due to enlargement of dental alveolar ridge
Class 3 occlusal base -> increased OVD and AOB, occlusal changes, interdental spaces
Hypercementosis - increased size of roots -> difficult XLA
Trigeminal neuralgia
Macroglossia - enlarged tongue
what does the thyroid hormone produce?
T3 and T4
Fall in T3 and T4 if detected by the ?. which produces ???. which stimulate pituitary gland to produce ???. which acts on the ?? to produce more T3 and T4. hypothalamus detects rise in T3 and T4 in the ?? and stops releasing TRH.
hypothalamus
thyrotropin releasing hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone
thyroid gland
blood stream
what is hyperthyroidism?
excess T3/T4 thyroid hormones
what is the causes of primary hyperthyroidism?
graves disease
toxic goitre or adenoma
viral thyroiditis
drugs - amiodarone
graves disease
?? stimulate ? receptors on thyroid gland causing ? of T3/T4 and gland ? (goitre)
auto antibodies
TSH
overproduction
enlargement
what is the cause of secondary hyperthyroidism?
Pituitary tumour - TSH secreting pituitary adenoma
what is this the clinical presentation on?
Heat intolerance, weight loss, goitre, exophthalmos (bulging eyes), increased blood pressure, swelling of legs and scaly skin plaques
hyperthyroidism