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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY REVIEW (NU) > ENDOCRINOLOGY > Flashcards

ENDOCRINOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Endocrinology?

A

Study of endocrine glands and hormones secreted

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2
Q

What are Hormones?

A

Chemical signals SECRETED by cells to bloodstream and TRAVELS to target tissues

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3
Q

What is a Positive feedback?

A

-INCREASE in hormone product results to ELEVATED activity.
-Hormone production of system

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4
Q

What is Negative Feedback?

A

-DECREASE in hormone product results to DECREASED activity.
-Hormone production of system

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5
Q

3 Classification of Hormones

A

“PAS”
-Peptides/Polypeptides
-Amines
-Steroids

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6
Q

What is a Polypeptide and its types?

A

*It is water-soluble.
*2 TYPES
-Glycoprotein
-Polypeptides

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7
Q

What is a Steroid?

A

*Insoluble
*Synthesized from Cholesterol

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8
Q

Examples of Glycoprotein

A

-FSH
-EPO
-TSH
-HCG

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9
Q

Examples of Polypeptides

A

PAGA
-Prolactin
-ACTH
-GH
-ADH

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10
Q

Examples of Steroids

A

PET CAVS
-Progesterone
-Estrogen
-Testosterone
-Cortisol
-Aldosterone
-Vitamin D

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11
Q

Examples of Amines

A

-Epinephrine
-Norepinephrine
-Melatonin
-T3
-T4

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12
Q

Examples of Glands

A

-Hypothalamus
-Anterior & Posterior Pituitary
-Thyroid & Parathyroid
-Adrenal
-Reproductive Glands
-Pancreas

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13
Q

Hormones for Hypothalamus

A

Releasing Hormones
Somatostatin
Dopamine

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14
Q

Examples of Releasing Hormones

A

TRH
GnRH
GHRH
CRH

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15
Q

TRH

A

Regulates production of TSH and Prolactin

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16
Q

GnRH

A

Regulates production of LH and FSH

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17
Q

GHRH

A

Regulates production of GH

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18
Q

CRH

A

Regulates production of ACTH

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19
Q

Somatostatin

A

Inhibitor of GH and TSH

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20
Q

Dopamine

A

Prolactin release inhibitor

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21
Q

Hormones for Anterior Pituitary

A

GH
Prolactin
TSH
ACTH
LH
FSH

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22
Q

GH

A

-Most ABUNDANT pituitary hormone
-Can cause
*Gigantism
*Acromegaly
*Dwarfism

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23
Q

Gigantism

A

INCREASE [excess] GH BEFORE closure of epiphyseal plate

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24
Q

Acromegaly

A

INCREASE [excess] GH AFTER closure of epiphyseal plate

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25
Q

Dwarfism

A

Deficiency of GH

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26
Q

Prolactin

A

-initiates and maintains LACTATION
-highest levels : 4AM, 8AM, 8PM, 10PM
-Prolactinoma

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27
Q

Prolactinoma

A

Most common type of functional pituitary tumor

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28
Q

TSH

A

STIMULATION for the production of T3 and T4

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29
Q

LH

A

For SECRETION of progesterone
For OVULATION

30
Q

ACTH

A

-STIMULATION for the production of ADRENOCORTICAL STEROID formation and secretion

31
Q

FSH

A

-SECRETION of ESTROGEN
-DEVELOPMENT of SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
-SPERMATOGENESIS

32
Q

Hormones for Posterior Pituitary (ONLY RELEASES not produce)

A

Oxytocin
ADH

33
Q

ADH

A

-AKA Vasopressin
-Water-balance and BP elevation
-Deficiency: DI

34
Q

Oxytocin

A

-STIMULATES contraction of uterine (“Fergussion reflex”)
-acts in PARTURITION and TRANSPORT of sperm
-MILK EJECTION (suckling stimulator)

35
Q

Hormones for Thyroid Gland

A

T3 and T4
Calcitonin

36
Q

T3 and T4

A

-For METABOLISM
-T4 > T3 (more biologically active)
-Can cause hyper and hypothyroidism, myxedema

37
Q

Primary Hyperthyroidism (Graves disease)

A

-Inc T3, T4
-Dec TSH
-with anti-TSH receptor antibody

38
Q

Secondary Hyperthyroidism

A

Inc FT4 and TSH

39
Q

Primary Hypothyroidism (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis)

A

-Dec T3, T4
-Inc TSH
-with anti-TPO antibody

40
Q

Myxedema

A

manifestation of Hashimoto’s disease

41
Q

Calcitonin

A

-produce by parafollicular cells
-calcium and phosphate regulator

42
Q

Hormone for Parathyroid gland (smallest)

A

PTH

43
Q

PTH

A

-produce and secreted by CHIEF CELLS of parathyroid gland
-BONE RESORPTION
-can cause Primary and Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

44
Q

Primary Hyperparathyroidism

A

Inc Ionized Calcium

45
Q

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

A

Dec ionized calcium

46
Q

Hormones for Adrenal Gland

A

Cortisol
Aldosterone
Catecholamines

47
Q

Cortisol

A

-Secreted by Zona Fasciculate
-Highest : 6AM-9AM ; Lowest : 11PM-3AM
-can cause CUSHING syndrome
-Methods: Porter-Silber and Zimmerman

48
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome

A

-Inc cortisol, ACTH (tumor on Pituitary)
-Dec aldosterone, renin

SCREENING: 24 hour urine free cortisol test
CONFIRMATORY: LOW dose (dexamethasone suppression; CRH stimulation)

49
Q

Formula for Porter-SIlber reaction

A

Corticosteroid + reaction = YELLOW

50
Q

Formula for Zimmerman reaction

A

ketosteroids + reaction = REDDISH PURPLE

51
Q

Aldosterone

A

-Secreted by Zona Glomerulosa
-MOST IMPORTANT mineralocorticoid
-Na+ and K+ retention
-can cause Barterr’s, Conn’s, Liddle’s syndrome

52
Q

Barterr’s syndrome

A

DEFECT in KIDNEY’s ability to REABSORB sodium

53
Q

Conn’s syndrome (1’ hyperaldosteronism)

A

hypokalemia and hypernatremia (K and N)

54
Q

Liddle’s syndrome

A

EXCESS sodium reabsorption and excretion of potassium due to DEFECT in DCT

55
Q

Catecholamines

A

-secreted in MEDULLA
-80% epinephrine; 20% norepinephrine
-can cause Pheochromocytoma

56
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

tumor that results to OVERPRODUCTION of catecholamines

57
Q

Hormones for Reproductive Glands

A

Testosterone
Estrogen
Progesterone

58
Q

Testosterone

A

-PRINCIPAL androgen in blood
-Most POTENT male androgen
-synthesizes by LEYDIG CELLS

59
Q

Estrone

A

most ABUNDANT in MENOpausal women

60
Q

Estradiol

A

most POTENT
most ABUDANT in PRE-MENOpausal women

61
Q

Estriol

A

major ESTROGEN detect during PREGNANCY

62
Q

Kober reaction

A

analyze estrogens

63
Q

Progesterone

A

Single best hormone to evaluate if OVULATION has occured

64
Q

Hormones of pancreas

A

Insulin
Glucagon

65
Q

Insulin

A

Hypoglycemic agent

66
Q

Glucagon

A

Hyperglycemic agent

67
Q

Metabolites of Dopamine

A

Homovanilic acid

68
Q

Metabolites of Serotonin

A

5-HIAA

69
Q

Metabolites of Epinephrine

A

Vanillyl mandelic acid
Metanephrine

70
Q

Metabolites of Norepinephrine

A

URINE:
3-methoxy-4hydroxyphenylglycol
BLOOD:
Vanillyl mandelic acid

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY REVIEW (NU) (4 decks)

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