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Clinical Chemistry 2 > ENDOCRINOLOGY > Flashcards

ENDOCRINOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

Chemical signals produced by specialized cells secreted into the blood stream and carried to a target tissue

A

Hormones

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2
Q

What are the major functions of hormones?

A
  • to maintain the constancy of chemical composition of extracellular and intracellular fluids
  • control metabolism, growth, fertility, and responses to stress
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3
Q

The majority of endocrine functions are regulated through the ________ pituitary gland, which is turn in controlled by secretions from the __________.

A
  • pituitary gland
  • hypothalamus
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4
Q

A system in which an increase in the product results to elevation of the activity of the system and the production rate

A

positive feedback
- gonodal, thyroidal, adrenocortical hormones

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5
Q

A system in which an increase in the product results to decreased activity of the system and the production rate

A

negative feedback
- luteinizing hormone

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6
Q

feedback from hormones produced in the pituitary target glands on the hypothalamus

A

Long NFM

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7
Q

feedback of hormones at the level of the pituitary gland

A

Short NFM

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8
Q

feedback of mechanism between the pituitary and hypothalamus

A

Ultrashort NFM

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9
Q

secreted in one location and release into blood circulation; binds to specific receptor to elicit physiological response

A

Endocrine

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10
Q

secreted in endocrine cells and released into interstitial space; binds to a specific receptor in adjacent cell and affect its function

A

paracrine

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11
Q

secreted in endocrine cells and sometimes released into interstitial space; binds to a specific receptor on cell of origin resulting to self-regulation of its function

A

autocrine

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12
Q

secreted in endocrine cells and remains in that same cellular space in relation to plasma membrane; acts on immediately adjacent cell by direct-to-direct contact

A

juxtacrine

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13
Q

secreted in endocrine cells and functions inside the origin of synthesis

A

intracrine

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14
Q

secreted in endocrine cells and released into the lumen of gut and affects their functions

A

exocrine

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15
Q

secreted in neurons and released into extracellular space; binds to specific receptor in nearby cell and affects its function

A

neurocrine

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16
Q

secreted in neurons and released from nerve endings; interacts with receptors of cells at distant site

A

neuroendocrine

17
Q

water soluble and not bound to a carrier protein; synthesized and stored within the cell in the form of secretory granules and are cleaved as needed; cannot cross the cell membrane

A

peptides
- acth, adh, pth, gh, angiotensin
glycoprotein
- fsh, hcg, tsh, and erythropoietin

18
Q

water insoluble and circulate bound to a carrier protein; cholesterol as a common precursor; produced by ovaries, testes, adrenal glands, and placenta

A

steroids
- aldosterone, cortisol, estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, and activated vitamin D3

19
Q

intermediary between steroid and protein; derived from an amino acid

A

amines
-epinephrine, norepi, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine

20
Q

biological rhythms with a period close to 24 hrs

A

circadian rhythms

21
Q

circadian rhythm that is synchronized with the day/night cycle

A

diurnal rhythms

22
Q

biological rhythms with a much shorter period

A

ultradian rhythms

23
Q

biological rhythms with a cycle that lasts longer than 24 hrs

A

infradian rhythms
- human menstrual cycle

24
Q

portion of the brain located in the walls and floor of the third ventricle; link between the nervous and endocrine system

A

hypothalamus

25
Q

the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei produced?

A

vasopressin and oxytocin

26
Q

what are the neurons int he anterior portion released?

A
  • thyrotropin releasing hormones (TRH)
  • gonadotropin releasing hormones (Gn-RH)
    -somatostatin ( growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GH-IH)
  • growth hormone releasing hormone (GH-RH)
  • prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIF)
27
Q

abrupt response to a stimuli or pulse pattern of hormone secretion

A

pulsatility

28
Q

the nervous system regulated this pattern through external signals

A

cyclicity

29
Q

attached to the midbrain; secretes melatonin; controlled by the nerve stimuli

A

pineal gland

30
Q

synthesized within the pinealocytes from tryptophan and marker of the phase of internal circadian clock; may be secreted in GIT, skin, retina, bone marrow, and placenta acting in autocrine and paracrine pattern

A

melatonin ( N-acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine)

31
Q

good marker of melatonin secretion and its method?

A
  • 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s)
  • immunoassay
32
Q
A

Clinical Chemistry 2 (5 decks)

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