ENDOCRINOLOGY

Question 1

Chemical signals produced by specialized cells secreted into the blood stream and carried to a target tissue

Answer 1

Hormones

Question 2

What are the major functions of hormones?

Answer 2

• to maintain the constancy of chemical composition of extracellular and intracellular fluids
• control metabolism, growth, fertility, and responses to stress

Question 3

The majority of endocrine functions are regulated through the ________ pituitary gland, which is turn in controlled by secretions from the __________.

Answer 3

• pituitary gland
• hypothalamus

Question 4

A system in which an increase in the product results to elevation of the activity of the system and the production rate

Answer 4

positive feedback
- gonodal, thyroidal, adrenocortical hormones

Question 5

A system in which an increase in the product results to decreased activity of the system and the production rate

Answer 5

negative feedback
- luteinizing hormone

Question 6

feedback from hormones produced in the pituitary target glands on the hypothalamus

Answer 6

Long NFM

Question 7

feedback of hormones at the level of the pituitary gland

Answer 7

Short NFM

Question 8

feedback of mechanism between the pituitary and hypothalamus

Answer 8

Ultrashort NFM

Question 9

secreted in one location and release into blood circulation; binds to specific receptor to elicit physiological response

Answer 9

Endocrine

Question 10

secreted in endocrine cells and released into interstitial space; binds to a specific receptor in adjacent cell and affect its function

Answer 10

paracrine

Question 11

secreted in endocrine cells and sometimes released into interstitial space; binds to a specific receptor on cell of origin resulting to self-regulation of its function

Answer 11

autocrine

Question 12

secreted in endocrine cells and remains in that same cellular space in relation to plasma membrane; acts on immediately adjacent cell by direct-to-direct contact

Answer 12

juxtacrine

Question 13

secreted in endocrine cells and functions inside the origin of synthesis

Answer 13

intracrine

Question 14

secreted in endocrine cells and released into the lumen of gut and affects their functions

Answer 14

exocrine

Question 15

secreted in neurons and released into extracellular space; binds to specific receptor in nearby cell and affects its function

Answer 15

neurocrine

Question 16

secreted in neurons and released from nerve endings; interacts with receptors of cells at distant site

Answer 16

neuroendocrine

Question 17

water soluble and not bound to a carrier protein; synthesized and stored within the cell in the form of secretory granules and are cleaved as needed; cannot cross the cell membrane

Answer 17

peptides
- acth, adh, pth, gh, angiotensin
glycoprotein
- fsh, hcg, tsh, and erythropoietin

Question 18

water insoluble and circulate bound to a carrier protein; cholesterol as a common precursor; produced by ovaries, testes, adrenal glands, and placenta

Answer 18

steroids
- aldosterone, cortisol, estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, and activated vitamin D3

Question 19

intermediary between steroid and protein; derived from an amino acid

Answer 19

amines
-epinephrine, norepi, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine

Question 20

biological rhythms with a period close to 24 hrs

Answer 20

circadian rhythms

Question 21

circadian rhythm that is synchronized with the day/night cycle

Answer 21

diurnal rhythms

Question 22

biological rhythms with a much shorter period

Answer 22

ultradian rhythms

Question 23

biological rhythms with a cycle that lasts longer than 24 hrs

Answer 23

infradian rhythms
- human menstrual cycle

Question 24

portion of the brain located in the walls and floor of the third ventricle; link between the nervous and endocrine system

Answer 24

hypothalamus

Question 25

the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei produced?

Answer 25

vasopressin and oxytocin

Question 26

what are the neurons int he anterior portion released?

Answer 26

• thyrotropin releasing hormones (TRH)
• gonadotropin releasing hormones (Gn-RH)
  -somatostatin ( growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GH-IH)
• growth hormone releasing hormone (GH-RH)
• prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIF)

Question 27

abrupt response to a stimuli or pulse pattern of hormone secretion

Answer 27

pulsatility

Question 28

the nervous system regulated this pattern through external signals

Answer 28

cyclicity

Question 29

attached to the midbrain; secretes melatonin; controlled by the nerve stimuli

Answer 29

pineal gland

Question 30

synthesized within the pinealocytes from tryptophan and marker of the phase of internal circadian clock; may be secreted in GIT, skin, retina, bone marrow, and placenta acting in autocrine and paracrine pattern

Answer 30

melatonin ( N-acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine)

Question 31

good marker of melatonin secretion and its method?

Answer 31

• 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s)
• immunoassay