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TAS Revision > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What age is growth hormone licensed from in the UK?

A

4 years

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2
Q

Which hormones are produced in a sleep-related fashion?

A

Growth Hormone
Prolactin

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3
Q

Which hormones are produced in a continuous manner?

A

Thyroxine

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4
Q

Which hormones are produced in a stress-related manner?

A

ACTH

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5
Q

Which hormones are produced in a circadian fashion?

A

Cortisol

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6
Q

What is Mc-Cune Albright syndrome a triad of?

A

Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia (presents as fractures)
Cafe-au-lait spots
Precocious puberty

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7
Q

What is the mechanism of hyperandrogegism in PCOS?

A

It is thought that excess LH production stimulates ovarian androgen production and that hyperinsulinaemia up regulates 17-alpha-hydroxylase activity which synthesises androgen precursors

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8
Q

What is the hormone profile in PCOS?

A

Raised FSH and LH
Raised testosterone/ DHEAS
Low sex hormone binding globulin levels

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9
Q

What are the features of androgen insensitivity syndrome?

A

Defect in androgen receptor gene

Karyotype - XY
Phenotype - female external genitalia
Mullerian structures - Absent
Breast development due to elevated testosterone which is converted to oestrogen

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10
Q

What are the features of SWYER syndrome?

A

SRY gene mutation causing absent mullein inhibiting substance (therefore mullein structures are present internally) and low testosterone (therefore streak gonads are formed)

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11
Q

What are the features of persistent mullerian duct syndrome?

A

Characterised by no MIS function aka persistent mullerian ducts

XY normal male phenotype
Mullerian structures found incidentally
Inguinal hernia and undescended testes

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12
Q

What are the features of 5-alpha-reductase deficiency?

A

5-alpha-reductase is required for the production of dihydrotestosterone

XY female phenotype at birth
Develop sexual hair and an enlarged penis
No internal mullerian structures
Testes in inguinal canal

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13
Q

What is the investigation of choice for diagnosis of Addisons Disease?

A

Short SynACTHen test

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14
Q

What is the most common form of CAH?

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency

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15
Q

What test is used to diagnose the most common form of CAH (21-hydroxylase deficiency)?

A

17-hydroxyprogesterone

17-OHP is a precursor to 11-deoxycortisol and is elevated

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16
Q

What are the blood findings in Addisons disease?

A

Low Sodium
High Potassium
Low Cortisol

17
Q

What is sex hormone binding globulin?

A

It is the glycoprotein that binds to oestrogen and testosterone

Hence less SHBG means more testosterone/ oestrogen circulating freely

18
Q

What effect does cortisol have on blood glucose levels?

A

Cortisol increases blood glucose concentration

19
Q

What is the genetic mutation in McCunn Albright Syndrome?

A

GNAS-1 gene mutation

20
Q

What is the pathway of catecholamine synthesis?

A

Phenylalanine -> L-tyrosine -> L-DOPA -> Dopamine -> Norepinephrine -> Epinephrine

21
Q

What is the function of LH?

A

Responsible for the production of oestrogen

22
Q

What is the function of FSH?

A

Responsible for initiating follicular growth

Stimulates and recruits immature follicles in the ovary

23
Q

What is the function of hCG?

A

Responsible for the maintenance of the corpus luteum which produces the hormone progesterone during pregnancy

24
Q

Which electrolyte is required for parathyroid hormone secretion?

A

Magnesium is required for PTH secretion hence a low magnesium can result in hypoparathyroidism

25
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

The breakdown of glycogen to glucose

26
Q

What is the Smogyi effect?

A

Rebound hyperglycaemia following nocturnal hypoglycaemia

27
Q

Exogenous insulin administration has what effect on C-peptide?

A

High insulin levels and low C-peptide levels

28
Q

What occurs in MEN1 syndrome?

A

Pancreatic (insulinoma/ gastrinoma)
Parathyroid (hyperparathyroidism)
Pituitary

Mutation in MEN1 gene

29
Q

What occurs in MEN2 syndrome?

A

Medullary thyroid cancer
Parathyroid
Phaeochromocytoma

Mutation in RET gene

30
Q

What is the first line Tx for T2DM?

A

Metformin

Acts by reducing insulin resistance thereby reducing beta-cell demand and thereby prolonging beta-cell life

31
Q

What is the pathophysiology of weight loss in T1DM?

A

The lack of circulating insulin results in the inability of glucose to enter the bodies cells by preventing the translocation of the GLUT4 channel to the cell membrane, which would usually transport glucose into the cell. As a result, the body starts preferentially metabolising adipose tissue and muscle tissue as an alternative source of fuel.

32
Q
A

TAS Revision (14 decks)

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