Endocrine System - ch 12 Flashcards by Lauren Zollman

exocrine glands

not part of endocrine system

secrete their products into ducts that empty onto a surface or into a cavity

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endocrine glands

ductless

secrete hormones into blood

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hormones

chemical substances with regulatory effect on activity of target cells or organs

perform general functions of communication and control

slower, longer-lasting type of control than that of nerve impulses

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target cells

cells acted on by hormones

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non steroid hormones

bind to receptors on the target cell membrane

triggers second messengers to affect the cell’s activities

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steroid hormones

bind to receptors within the target cell nucleus and influence cell activity by acting on DNA

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hormone secretion is controlled by __________

homeostatic feedback

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negative feedback

mechanisms that reverse the direction of a change in a physiological system

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positive feedback

mechanisms that amplify physiological changes

uncommon

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hypersecretion

secretion of excess hormone

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hyposecretion

insufficient hormone secretion

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prostaglandins (PGs)

powerful substances found in a wide variety of body tissues

often produced in a tissue and diffuse only a short distance to act on cells in that tissue

influence many body functions, including respiration, BP, GI secretions, and reproduction

prostaglandin A, prostaglandin E, prostaglandin F

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pituitary gland

anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)

posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)

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adenohypophysis

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinizing hormone (LH)
growth hormone (GH)
prolactin (PRL)

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thyroid hormone (TSH)

stimulates growth of the thyroid gland

stimulates thyroid gland to secret thyroid hormone

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adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

stimulates growth of the adrenal cortex and stimulates it to secrete glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol)

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follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

initiates growth of ovarian follicles each month in the ovary

stimulates one or more follicles to develop to the stage of maturity and ovulation

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luteinizing hormone (LH)

acts with FSH to stimulate estrogen secretion and follicle growth to maturity

causes ovulation

causes luteinization of the ruptured follicle and stimulates progesterone secretion of corpus lutetium

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growth hormone (GH)

stimulates growth by accelerating protein anabolism

accelerates fat catabolism and slows glucose catabolism

prolactin (PRL)

aka lactogenic hormone

stimulates breast development during pregnancy and secretion of milk after the delivery of the baby

posterior pituitary gland

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
oxytocin (OT)

ONLY SECRETES THESE HORMONES (doesn’t produce them)

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

accelerates water reabsorption from urine in the kidney tubules into the blood (decreasing urine secretion)

oxytocin (OT)

stimulates the pregnant uterus to contract (may initiate labor)

causes glandular cells of the breast to release milk into ducts

hypothalamus

actual production of ADH and oxytocin occurs here

after production hormones pass along axons into the pituitary gland

secretion of posterior pituitary hormones is controlled by nervous stimulation

controls many of the body functions related to homeostasis (temperature, appetite, thirst)

thyroid gland

thyroid hormones: thyroxine (T4) triiodothyronine (T3) calcitonin

thyroid hormones

accelerate catabolism (increase the body's metabolic rate)

calcitonin

decreases the blood calcium concentration by inhibiting breakdown of bone, which would release calcium into the blood

parathyroid glands

secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases blood calcium concentration by increasing the breakdown of bone with the release of calcium into the blood

adrenal glands (adrenal cortex)

glucocorticoids (GCs) mineralocorticoids (MCs) sex hormones: small amounts of androgens (males hormones) secreted by both sexes

glucocorticoids (GCs)

chiefly cortisol

mineralocorticoids (MCs)

chiefly aldosterone increase blood sodium decrease body potassium concentration by accelerating kidney tubule reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium

3 layers (zones) of adrenal cortex

outer layer: secretes mineralocorticoids middle layer: secretes glucocorticoids inner layer: secretes sex hormones

glucocorticoids (GCs)

help maintain blood glucose concentration by increasing gluconeogenesis play an essential part in maintaining normal blood pressure act with epinephrine and norepinephrine to produce an anti inflammatory response produce anti immunity, anti allergy effect secretion of glucocorticoid quickly increases when the body is thrown into a condition of stress

adrenal medulla

secretes epinephrine (Epi or adrenaline) and norepinephrine (NR) help the body resist stress by intensifying and prolonging the effects of sympathetic stimulation

pancreatic isles

secretes glucagon (alpha cells) and insulin (beta cells) glucagon increases the blood glucose level by accelerating glycogenolysis in liver insulin decreases the blood glucose by accelerating the movement of glucose out of the blood into cells

glycogenolysis

conversion of glycogen to glucose

female sex glands

ovaries contain 2 structures that secrete hormones: ovarian follicles and corpus luteum

estrogen (feminizing hormone)

development of breasts and external genitals development of adult female body contours initiation of menstrual cycle

male sex glands

interstitial cells of testes secrete the male hormone testosterone

testosterone (masculinizing hormone)

maturation of external genitals beard growth changes in voice at puberty development of body contours typical of the male

thymus

secretes thymosin plays an important role in the development and function of the body's immune system

placenta

secretes chorionic gonadotropins, estrogens, and progesterone maintain the corpus luteum during pregnancy

pineal gland

a small gland near the roof of the 3rd ventricle of the brain predominates in children and young adults becomes fibrous and calcified with age called 3rd eye because related to amount of light entering the eyes secretes melatonin

melatonin

inhibits ovarian activity regulates body's internal clock

ghrelin

secreted by epithelial cells lining stomach boosts appetite and slows metablosim

atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)

secreted by atrial wall of the heart stimulates sodium loss from the kidneys

leptin

secreted by fat storing cells controls how full or hungry we feel