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A & P > Endocrine System - ch 12 > Flashcards

Endocrine System - ch 12 Flashcards

1
Q

exocrine glands

A

not part of endocrine system

secrete their products into ducts that empty onto a surface or into a cavity

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2
Q

endocrine glands

A

ductless

secrete hormones into blood

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3
Q

hormones

A

chemical substances with regulatory effect on activity of target cells or organs

perform general functions of communication and control

slower, longer-lasting type of control than that of nerve impulses

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4
Q

target cells

A

cells acted on by hormones

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5
Q

non steroid hormones

A

bind to receptors on the target cell membrane

triggers second messengers to affect the cell’s activities

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6
Q

steroid hormones

A

bind to receptors within the target cell nucleus and influence cell activity by acting on DNA

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7
Q

hormone secretion is controlled by __________

A

homeostatic feedback

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8
Q

negative feedback

A

mechanisms that reverse the direction of a change in a physiological system

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9
Q

positive feedback

A

mechanisms that amplify physiological changes

uncommon

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10
Q

hypersecretion

A

secretion of excess hormone

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11
Q

hyposecretion

A

insufficient hormone secretion

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12
Q

prostaglandins (PGs)

A

powerful substances found in a wide variety of body tissues

often produced in a tissue and diffuse only a short distance to act on cells in that tissue

influence many body functions, including respiration, BP, GI secretions, and reproduction

prostaglandin A, prostaglandin E, prostaglandin F

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13
Q

pituitary gland

A

anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)

posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)

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14
Q

adenohypophysis

A 
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinizing hormone (LH)
growth hormone (GH)
prolactin (PRL)
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15
Q

thyroid hormone (TSH)

A

stimulates growth of the thyroid gland

stimulates thyroid gland to secret thyroid hormone

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16
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

stimulates growth of the adrenal cortex and stimulates it to secrete glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol)

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17
Q

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

initiates growth of ovarian follicles each month in the ovary

stimulates one or more follicles to develop to the stage of maturity and ovulation

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18
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

acts with FSH to stimulate estrogen secretion and follicle growth to maturity

causes ovulation

causes luteinization of the ruptured follicle and stimulates progesterone secretion of corpus lutetium

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19
Q

growth hormone (GH)

A

stimulates growth by accelerating protein anabolism

accelerates fat catabolism and slows glucose catabolism

20
Q

prolactin (PRL)

A

aka lactogenic hormone

stimulates breast development during pregnancy and secretion of milk after the delivery of the baby

21
Q

posterior pituitary gland

A 
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
oxytocin (OT)

ONLY SECRETES THESE HORMONES (doesn’t produce them)

22
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

accelerates water reabsorption from urine in the kidney tubules into the blood (decreasing urine secretion)

23
Q

oxytocin (OT)

A

stimulates the pregnant uterus to contract (may initiate labor)

causes glandular cells of the breast to release milk into ducts

24
Q

hypothalamus

A

actual production of ADH and oxytocin occurs here

after production hormones pass along axons into the pituitary gland

secretion of posterior pituitary hormones is controlled by nervous stimulation

controls many of the body functions related to homeostasis (temperature, appetite, thirst)

25
Q

thyroid gland

A

thyroid hormones: thyroxine (T4)
triiodothyronine (T3)
calcitonin

26
Q

thyroid hormones

A

accelerate catabolism (increase the body’s metabolic rate)

27
Q

calcitonin

A

decreases the blood calcium concentration by inhibiting breakdown of bone, which would release calcium into the blood

28
Q

parathyroid glands

A

secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH)

increases blood calcium concentration by increasing the breakdown of bone with the release of calcium into the blood

29
Q

adrenal glands (adrenal cortex)

A

glucocorticoids (GCs)
mineralocorticoids (MCs)
sex hormones: small amounts of androgens (males hormones) secreted by both sexes

30
Q

glucocorticoids (GCs)

A

chiefly cortisol

31
Q

mineralocorticoids (MCs)

A

chiefly aldosterone

increase blood sodium

decrease body potassium concentration by accelerating kidney tubule reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium

32
Q

3 layers (zones) of adrenal cortex

A

outer layer: secretes mineralocorticoids
middle layer: secretes glucocorticoids
inner layer: secretes sex hormones

33
Q

glucocorticoids (GCs)

A

help maintain blood glucose concentration by increasing gluconeogenesis

play an essential part in maintaining normal blood pressure

act with epinephrine and norepinephrine to produce an anti inflammatory response

produce anti immunity, anti allergy effect

secretion of glucocorticoid quickly increases when the body is thrown into a condition of stress

34
Q

adrenal medulla

A

secretes epinephrine (Epi or adrenaline) and norepinephrine (NR)

help the body resist stress by intensifying and prolonging the effects of sympathetic stimulation

35
Q

pancreatic isles

A

secretes glucagon (alpha cells) and insulin (beta cells)

glucagon increases the blood glucose level by accelerating glycogenolysis in liver

insulin decreases the blood glucose by accelerating the movement of glucose out of the blood into cells

36
Q

glycogenolysis

A

conversion of glycogen to glucose

37
Q

female sex glands

A

ovaries contain 2 structures that secrete hormones: ovarian follicles and corpus luteum

38
Q

estrogen (feminizing hormone)

A

development of breasts and external genitals

development of adult female body contours

initiation of menstrual cycle

39
Q

male sex glands

A

interstitial cells of testes secrete the male hormone testosterone

40
Q

testosterone (masculinizing hormone)

A

maturation of external genitals

beard growth

changes in voice at puberty

development of body contours typical of the male

41
Q

thymus

A

secretes thymosin

plays an important role in the development and function of the body’s immune system

42
Q

placenta

A

secretes chorionic gonadotropins, estrogens, and progesterone

maintain the corpus luteum during pregnancy

43
Q

pineal gland

A

a small gland near the roof of the 3rd ventricle of the brain

predominates in children and young adults

becomes fibrous and calcified with age

called 3rd eye because related to amount of light entering the eyes

secretes melatonin

44
Q

melatonin

A

inhibits ovarian activity

regulates body’s internal clock

45
Q

ghrelin

A

secreted by epithelial cells lining stomach

boosts appetite and slows metablosim

46
Q

atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)

A

secreted by atrial wall of the heart

stimulates sodium loss from the kidneys

47
Q

leptin

A

secreted by fat storing cells

controls how full or hungry we feel

A & P (5 decks)

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