Cells - ch 3 Flashcards
1
Q
- “living matter”
- substance that only exists in cells
- fills space between plasma membrane & nucleus
A
cytoplasm
2
Q
- separates cell from interstitial fluid
- plasma membrane
- outer boundary of cell
A
plasma membrance
3
Q
- contained within cytoplasm of each cell
- organs of the cell
A
organelles
4
Q
3 main parts of the cell
A
- plasma membrane
- cytoplasm
- nucleus
5
Q
- “protein factories”
- attached to rough ER or lie free in cytoplasm
- makes enzymes & other protein compounds
- made of mostly RNA
A
ribosomes
6
Q
- network of connecting sacs & canals
- rough & smooth types
A
endoplasmic reticulum
7
Q
collects, fold & transports proteins
A
rough ER
8
Q
synthesizes chemicals & makes new membranes
A
smooth ER
9
Q
- chemical processing & packaging center
- moves smooth ER out to plasma membrane
- group of flattened sacs near nucleus
A
golgi apparatus
10
Q
- “power house”
- made of inner & outer membranous sacs
- involved with energy releasing chemical reactions
A
mitochondria
11
Q
- membranous walled organelles
- contain digestive enzymes
- eat microbes (protection)
A
lysosomes
12
Q
- regions of cytoplasm near nucleus
- microtubule organizing center of cell
A
centrosome
13
Q
3 types of cell “extensions”
A
- microvilli
- cilia
- flagella
14
Q
- small, finger like extensions of plasma membrane
- increase absorptive surface area of cell
A
microvilli
15
Q
- fine, hairlike extensions found on free or exposed surfaces
- capable of moving in unison in a wavelike fashion
A
cilia
16
Q
- single projection extending from cell
- “tails” of sperm cells
A
flagella
17
Q
-“brain” of the cell
A
nucleus
18
Q
dense region of nuclear material
A
nucleolus
19
Q
- made of two separate membranes
- contains nuclear pores
A
nuclear envelope
20
Q
controls cell because it contains DNA
A
chromatin
21
Q
- does not use any energy for movement
- moves “down” the concentration gradient
A
passive transport
22
Q
- uses energy (ATP) for movement
- occurs only in living cells
- moves “up” the concentration gradient
A
active transport
23
Q
- substances scatter themselves evenly throughout as available space
- movement is from high to low concentration
A
diffusion
24
Q
diffusion of water (when solutes cannot cross the membrane)
A
osmosis
25
diffusion of solutes
dialysis
26
- movement of water & solutes caused by hydrostatic pressure on one side of membrane
- responsible for urine formation
filtration
27
types of passive transport
- diffusion
- osmosis
- dialysis
- filtration
28
types of active transport
- ion pumps
- phagocytosis
- pinocytosis
29
uses energy from ATP to move substances across cell membranes against their concentration gradient
ion pumps
30
protective mechanism used to destroy bacteria
phagocytosis
31
used to incorporate fluids or dissolved substances into cells
pinocytosis
32
- process of transferring genetic info from nucleus to cytoplasm(where proteins are produced)
- occurs in cytoplasm
protein synthesis
33
transcription
double stranded DNA separates to form RNA
34
translation
- requires use of info contained in mRNA
| - involves synthesis of proteins in cytoplasm by ribosomes
35
series of 3 nucleotide bases that act as a code for a specific amino acid
codon
36
reproduction of cell involving division of the nucleus & the cytoplasm
cell life cycle
37
- process in cell division that distributes identical chromosomes to each new cell formed when the original cell divides
- enables cells to reproduce their own kind
mitosis
38
- chromatin granules become organized
- chromosomes appear
- centrioles move away from nucleus
- nuclear envelope disappears
- spindle fibers appear
prophase
39
- chromosomes align across center of cell
| - spindle fibers attach themselves to each chromatid
metaphase
40
- centromeres break apart
- separated chromatids now called chromosomes
- chromosomes pulled to opposite ends of cell
- cleavage furrow develops
anaphase
41
- cell division is complete
- nuclei appear in daughter cells
- nuclear envelope & nucleoli appear
- cytoplasm is divided
- daughter cells become fully functional
telophase
42
prophase
- chromatin granules become organized
- chromosomes appear
- centrioles move away from nucleus
- nuclear envelope disappears
- spindle fibers appear
43
metaphase
- chromosomes align across center of cell
| - spindle fibers attach themselves to each chromatid
44
anaphase
- centromeres break apart
- separated chromatids now called chromosomes
- chromosomes pulled to opposite ends of cell
- cleavage furrow develops
45
telophase
- cell division is complete
- nuclei appear in daughter cells
- nuclear envelope & nucleoli appear
- cytoplasm is divided
- daughter cells become fully functional
46
hypertrophy
- increase in size of individual cell
| - increase size of tissue
47
atrophy
- decrease in size of individual cell
| - decreases size of tissue
48
hyperplasia
- increase in cell reproduction
| - increases size of tissue
49
anaplasia
production of abnormal, undifferentiated cells
50
gene
a segmented base pair in a chromosome
