Endocrine System and Blood Flashcards by LaShauna Dade-El

What is an endocrine gland?

An organ that secretes one or more hormones (chemical messengers) from the cell. This is their only function.

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What is endocrine tissue?

Found in organs that have other functions in addition to hormone production.

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The endocrine glands are derived out of what type of cells?

Epithelium

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A malignant tumor of epithelial tissue

Adenocarcinoma (Account for 90-95% of all colorectal cancers)

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What are the tropic hormones of the pituitary gland?

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH

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What are the non-tropic hormones?

GH and PRL

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What hormone does the pineal gland secrete?

Melatonin - causes drowsiness and has strong antioxidant effects.

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Where is the pineal gland located?

Roof of the 3rd Ventricle in the Brain

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Name the structures of the thyroid gland - 2

Thyroid cartilage

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Name the structures of the thyroid gland - 4

Inferior thyroid artery

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Name the structures of the thyroid gland - 5

Trachea

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Name the structures of the thyroid gland - 6

Aorta

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Name the structures of the thyroid gland - 7

Left lobe of thyroid gland

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Name the structures of the thyroid gland - 8

Left subclavian artery

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Name the structures of the thyroid gland - 9

Isthmus of thyroid gland

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Name the structures of the thyroid gland - 10

Superior thyroid artery

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Name the structures of the thyroid gland - 11

Epiglottis

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Name the structures of the parathyroid gland - 1

Pharynx (posterior)

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Name the structures of the parathyroid gland - 2

Thyroid gland

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Name the structures of the parathyroid gland - 3

Esophagus

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Name the structures of the parathyroid gland - 4

Trachea

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Name the structures of the parathyroid gland - 5

Parathyroid glands

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Name the structures of the adrenal glands - 1

Capsule

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Name the structures of the adrenal glands - 2

Zona glomerulosa

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Name the structures of the adrenal glands - 3

Zona fasciculata

Name the structures of the adrenal glands - 4

Zona reticularis

Name the structures of the adrenal glands - 5

Adrenal medulla

Name the structures of the adrenal glands - A

Medulla

Name the structures of the adrenal glands - B

Cortex

Name the structures of the adrenal glands - C

Kidney

Which zone of the adrenal gland makes and secretes aldosterone?

Zona glomerulosa of the cortex

Which zone makes and secretes the catecholamines?

Adrenal medulla of the medulla

Name the structures and functions in the posterior pituitary gland - 1

Optic chiasma

Name the structures and functions in the posterior pituitary gland - 2

Infundibulum

Name the structures and functions in the posterior pituitary gland - 3

Hypophyseal tract

Name the structures and functions in the posterior pituitary gland - 4

Axon terminals

Name the structures and functions in the posterior pituitary gland - 5

Posterior Lobe

Name the structures and functions in the posterior pituitary gland - A

Hypothalamic neurons synthesize oxytocin and ADH

Name the structures and functions in the posterior pituitary gland - B

Oxytocin and ADH are transported down the axons of the hypophyseal tract to the posterior pituitary.

Name the structures and functions in the posterior pituitary gland - C

Oxytocin and ADH are stored in the axon terminals

Name the structures and functions in the posterior pituitary gland - D

When associated hypothalmic neurons fire, action potentials arriving at the axon terminals cause Oxytocin and ADH to be released into the blood.

Where is the pituitary gland located?

In the hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone.

Name the structure and function of the anterior pituitary gland - 1

Hypothalamic neurons synthesize releasing and inhibiting hormones: GHRH, GHIH, TRH, CRH, GnRH, PIH

Name the structure and function of the anterior pituitary gland - 2

Primary capillary plexus

Name the structure and function of the anterior pituitary gland - 3

Hypophyseal portal veins

Name the structure and function of the anterior pituitary gland - 4

Secondary capillary plexus

Name the structure and function of the anterior pituitary gland - A

When appropriately stimulated, hypothalamic neurons secrete releasing and inhibiting hormones into the primary capillary plexus.

Name the structure and function of the anterior pituitary gland - B

Hypothalamic hormones travel through the portal veins where they stimulate or inhibit hormones in the anterior pituitary gland.

Name the structure and function of the anterior pituitary gland - C

In response to releasing hormones, hormones are secreted into the secondary capillary plexus. This in turn empties into the general circulation.

Name the structure and function of the anterior pituitary gland - D

Six major hormones of the anterior pituitary gland - GH, PRL, TSH, FSH, LH and ACTH

Describe the white blood cells in the order in which they appear.

1. Neutrophils - Multilobed nucleus, pale, read and blue cytoplasmic granules 2. Eosinophils - Bi-lobed nucleus, red cytoplasmic granules 3. Basophils - Bi-lobed nucleus, purplish, black granules 4. Lymphocytes - Large spherical nucleus, thin rim of pale blue cytoplasm 5. Monocytes - Kidney shaped nucleus, pale blue cytoplasm

What is the function of the white blood cells in the order in which they appear?

1. Neutrophils - Phagocytize bacteria 2. Eosinophils - Kill parasitic worms, complex role in allergy and asthma 3. Basophils - release histamine for inflammation. Contain heparin 4. Lymphocytes - Attack cells produce antibodies 5. Monocytes - Turn into macrophages and phagocytose

What is the duration of the white blood cells in the order in which they appear? Development (D) and Life Span (LS)

1. Neutrophils - D: 14 days, LS: 6 hrs - few days 2. Eosinophils - D: 14 days, LS: 5 days 3. Basophils - D: 1-7 days, LS: hours to days 4. Lymphocytes - D: days to weeks, LS: hours to years 5. Monocytes - D: 1-3 days, LS: 5 months

Blood is _____ red when oxygenated and ________ red when deoxygenated.

bright; dark

What is the percentage of plasma and formed elements in blood?

55% plasma and 45% formed elements

What make up the formed elements of blood?

Erythrocytes (45% hematocrit), Leukocytes and Platelets

What makes up plasma?

90% water, electrolytes (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, HCO₃), Proteins (albumin, fibrinogen, antibodies), Nutrients, waste, gases, hormones.

Which endocrine tissue is both endocrine and exocrine?

Pancreas - Endocrine (glucagon and insulin) and Exocrine (digestive enzymes)

How does the pancreas malfunctioning contribute to Type I diabetes?

Produces little to no insulin. No binding to receptors due to unavailability.

How does the pancreas malfunctioning contribute to Type II diabetes?

Produces enough insulin. No binding to receptors due to affinity changes on the insulin receptors.

Which cells of the pancreas secrete hormones into the blood vessels?

Islets of Langerhans cells