Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Biology 2020 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Endocrine gland

A

Glands which secrete hormones into extracellular fluid that surrounds the cells that make up the gland. The secretion then usually passes into the capillaries to be transported by the blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hormones

A

Hormones are a chemical secreted by specialised cells to be transported in the blood stream. They are slow to be produced, the action is long lasting and wide spread. Hormones are only able to cause an effect on cells that have the correct receptor for the hormone, receptors are specific. Once all receptor molecules are occupied by hormone molecules, any addition of hormones will not have an effect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Steroid hormone

A

Steroid hormones are lipid soluble and carried in blood stream by a protein carrier. These hormones have the ability to pass through the membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Steroid hormones process

A
  1. Passes through the membrane.
  2. Locks onto a protein in the cytoplasm or nucleus forming a hormone-receptor complex.
  3. Hormone-receptor complex attaches to the DNA and regulates transcription (alters gene expression). The effects of these hormones are exerted more slowly and can take days..
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Amine/protein hormones

A

Amine hormones are water soluble, they dissolve in the blood (bloods main component is water) therefore transported in the blood stream. The hormones cannot pass through the membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Amine/protein hormone process

A
  1. Locks onto a specific receptor in the membrane.
  2. Causes the production of a secondary messenger in the cytoplasm.
  3. Secondary messenger will then cause a response inside the cell. Immediate effects. Eg. affect enzyme functioning.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Posterior pituitary stores which hormones?

A

ADH

OXYTOCIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Anterior pituitary produces

FLAT PG

A 
ACTH
GROWTH HORMONE 
FSH 
THYROID STIMULATING 
LUTEINISING HORMONE 
PROLACTIN
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Pineal gland produces

A

melatonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Thyroid produces

A

thryoxine

calcitonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Parathyroid produces

A

parathyroid hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Thymus produces

A

thymosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Adrenal cortex produces

A

cortisol

aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Adrenal medulla produces

A

adrenaline/epinephrine

noradrenaline/norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pancreas produces

A

insulin

glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Testes produces

A

testosterone/androgens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ovaries produces

A

oestrogen

progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ADH (antidiuretic)

A

target cell- kidney
effect- Increases the permeability of the distal convoluted tubule, enabling more water to be absorbed, increasing water levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Oxytocin

A

target cell- uterus and mammary glands.

effect- Triggers contractions and milk let down reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic)

A

target cell- adrenal cortex

effect- Causes the release of corticostecoids (cortisol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Growth hormone

A

target cells - body cells

effect- causes growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

FSH

A

target cells- ovaries and testes

effect- stimulates follicle growth and triggers spermatogenesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone

A

target cells- thyroid gland

effect- stimulates thyroid to produces thyroxine

24
Q

Luteinising hormone

A

target cells- ovaries and testes.
effect- Causes ovulation.
Causes production of testosterone.

25
Q

Prolactin

A

target cell- mammary glands

effect- produces breast milk

26
Q

Melatonin

A

target cells- brain

effect- Sleep. Stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light. Gland shrinks during puberty.

27
Q

Thyroxine

A

target cells- body cells

effect- increases metabolism

28
Q

Calcitonin

A

target cells- bones

effect-removes calcium from blood into bones

29
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

target cells- blood cells and digestive systems.
effect- Removes calcium in from bones, into the blood.
Increases the absorption of calcium from the digestive system.

30
Q

Thymosin

A

target cells- thymus

effect- maturation of T-cells

31
Q

Cortisol

A

target cells -body cells

effect- Stress hormone. Helps the body repair when under stress and mobilises resources of glucose.

32
Q

Aldosterone

A

target cells-kidney (nephron)
effect- Water control. Increases the absorption of sodium from the nephron and increases the removal of potassium (amount of potassium in nephron increases).

33
Q

Adrenaline

A

target cells- body cells

effect- fight or flight response

34
Q

Noradrenaline

A

target cells- body cells

effect- fight or flight response

35
Q

Insulin

A

target cell- liver and body

effect-takes sugar out of blood.

36
Q

Glucagon

A

target cell- liver and body cell

effect - puts sugar in blood.

37
Q

Testosterone

A

target cell - body cells

effect- secondary sexual characteristics

38
Q

Oestrogen

A

target cell - body cells

effect- secondary sexual characteristics

39
Q

Progesterone

A

target cells - uterus

effect - effects lining of the uterus.

40
Q

The pituitary gland

A

An extension of the hypothalamus, it is a pea sized gland located at the bottom of the brain. It is divided into two, the anterior and posterior pituitary which are both responsible for the secretion of hormones that control other gland and many bodily functions

41
Q

Anterior pituitary gland

A

The anterior (front) lobe has no nerves connecting it to the hypothalamus, instead it has a large network of blood vessels. The anterior produces hormones.

42
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

The posterior lobe, is not considered a true endocrine gland as it does not produce its own hormones. The posterior receives hormones made by the hypothalamus, it is joined to the hypothalamus by nerve fibres that come from nerve cell bodies in hypothalamus and pass through infundibulum to posterior lobe.

43
Q

Process by which hypothalamus controls Release of hormones

A
  1. ADH and oxytocin are made in the hypothalamus and sent down nerve cell extensions to be stored in posterior.
  2. Hypothalamus sends nerve impulse down extensions to cause the release of hormones from posterior pituitary into blood stream/vessels.
  3. Hypothalamus also makes releasing or inhibiting factors into the blood stream.
  4. Factors diffuse into anterior pituitary and tell it to release/stop releasing hormones. If released hormones diffuse from AP into the blood stream.
44
Q

What is hyperthyroidism, who does it effect

A

Hyperthyroidism is caused by the overstimulation of the thyroid gland. People suffering from Grave’s disease which is an abnormality of the immune system, may also have hyperthyroidism. This is because Grave’s disease creates antibodies which behave like TSH and stimulate the thyroid uncontrollably. Hyperthyroidism also effects people who produce excessive amounts of TSH or too much iodine.

45
Q

Symptoms of hyperthyroidism

A

Rapid heartbeat, weight loss, increased appetite, fatigue, increased metabolism, fatigue, don’t like heat as they cannot cool themselves down.

46
Q

Treatments of hyperthyroidism

A

Drugs that block the thyroids use of iodine, surgery to remove part of the gland. Can consume radioactive iodine, the iodine molecules are taken up by the thyroid cells which are then killed by the radioactivity. The thyroid gland is the only gland to take in iodine, therefore the treatment is safe. The risks of these treatments is giving the person hypothyroidism.

47
Q

What is hypothyroidism and who does it effect

A

Hyperthyroidism is caused by low activity in the thyroid gland. Women are more commonly affected by this disease, and those with Hashimoto’s disease are affected. Possible causes of the condition are low levels of iodine in the diet which prevents the ability of the gland to make sufficient hormones.

48
Q

Symptoms of hypothyroidism

A

Certain body functions slow down which leads to fatigue, slow heart rate, unexplainable weight gain, intolerance to cold, swelling of the face and goitre (goitre caused by the gland enlarging in an effort to produce more).

49
Q

Detection of cause of hypothyroidism

A

Give the subject iodine and observe if the problem resolves (low iodine in diet would be cause). Blood test measure TSH levels, if injected with TSH and no change, clearly the thyroid at fault, if thyroxin levels do no change the pituitary is at fault.

50
Q

Treatments of hypothyroidism

A

Intake of synthetic hormone TSH or thyroxine (made through recombinant DNA process) and balanced diet (iodine levels focus). Risk of these treatments is giving the patient hyperthyroidism.

51
Q

What is type one diabetes

A

Type one diabetes is a genetic disease, a lifelong condition (juvenile), it is not caused by lifestyle. Diabetes is caused by the immune system attacking beta cells in the pancreas, this leads to no or minimal insulin being available in the body, thus blood sugar builds up. The exact cause of the condition is unknown, the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, which leaves little or no insulin therefore sugar builds up in your bloodstream, instead of being transported into your cells. Occurs in the genes and inheritance.

52
Q

Symptoms of type one and two diabetes

A 
Increased thirst, 
frequent urination (caused by sugar in blood, water passes from cells into blood = high blood pressure, more urination and dehydration), 
extreme hunger; even after eating, 
fatigue & weakness, 
unintended weight loss or weight gain, 
nausea, skin infections.
53
Q

Detection of type one and two diabetes

A

Sugar in the urine is first indicator, glycated haemoglobin test (blood test indicates your average blood sugar level for the past two to three months), fasting blood sugar test or a blood sample is taken after an overnight fast.

54
Q

Treatments of type one diabetes

A

Insulin replacement, insulin injections (up to 6 a day), insulin pump- monitors blood glucose levels, stem cell replacement, mmanufacturing pancreas islet cells (beta cells) from stem cells (ttemporary relief before the immune system breaks down the cells benefits is their own cells so no chance of rejection), ppancreas transplants (high chance of rejection, needs to be obtained ethically).

55
Q

What is type two diabetes

A

Type two diabetes is a self-inflicted condition in which fat, liver and muscle cells can no longer respond to insulin (adult on set). It is caused by an unhealthy lifestyle, which results in muscle, fat and liver cells are overstimulated by insulin, creating a resistance. Being overweight, lacking in exercise and eating unhealthy food increases the risk of type 2 diabetes.

56
Q

Treatment of type two diabetes.

A

A change of diet including a management program to keep blood glucose levels in the normal range.
Medication (if management program doesn’t make your blood glucose levels controlled), drug increases the sensibility to body tissues and makes your body use insulin more effectively.
Regular physical activity and maintaining a healthy weight can also reduce effects of type two diabetes.
Type two can be reversed if detected early enough and lifestyle choices are corrected.

57
Q

Process of making synthetic hormones (Recombinant DNA)

A
  1. Human DNA containing the gene for desired hormone is obtained. The desired gene is cut out at the restriction site using restriction enzymes. This gives a base sequence to which the hormone would be produced.
  2. A bacterium containing chromosomal DNA and a ring of DNA that acted as the bacteria’s defence system known as plasmid is obtained. The plasmid is extracted
  3. The restriction Enzyme is used to cut the plasmid (same enzyme used in cutting desired gene).
  4. The human gene is then combined with the plasmid to create recombined DNA. DNA ligase (enzyme) glues the DNA into place, this process is called ligation.
  5. The recombinant DNA is then placed back into the bacteria. The bacteria breed in a fermenter (the perfect environment for bacteria to breed). Thousands of the hormone produced.
  6. The bacteria make hormone which is collected cells then purified and ready to be used.

Human Biology 2020 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions