Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Biology 2020 > Cultural Evolution > Flashcards

Cultural Evolution Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

primate definition and list of primates.

A

A member of an order of mammals that includes the lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys, apes and humans.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

main characteristics of primates (11)

A
  • Pentadactyl: 5 digits on hands and feet.
  • All primates have nails.
  • Large prehensibility. Flexible hands and feet.
  • Binocular/Stereoscopic vision: Eyes are forward facing, with fields of view crossing over. This allows species to perceive depth.
  • Same dental pattern: Incisors, canines, premolars, molars.
  • Large brain, compared to body size. Convoluted.
  • Long gestation and parental care.
  • Have fingerprints/friction ridges.
  • Highly social.
  • Rhythmic sex cycle.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Specific trends in prognathism in primates

A

› Reduced jaw size – reduced number of teeth with U shaped jaw to with parabolic jaw. 4 to 5 cusps on molars.
› Olfactory Shift – Good smell, poor eyesight evolved to poor smell, with good eyesight.
› Eyesight – More stereoscopic as species evolve, allows for better depth of field.
› Vision – Black and white vision to coloured vision as species evolved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Advantages to being bipedal

A
  • Being erect – can see further and spot danger earlier.
  • Seeing further – can see food supplies further away.
  • Hands are free – can carry food and young.
  • Can walk further distances for food.
  • Further away from hot ground allows body to remain cooler in hot environment – larger surface area to volume ratio which allows to lose heat quicker.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Bipedal carrying angle

A

Increased Carrying Angle - outside of femur. Femur slants inwards from the hip. This brings knee joints closer together and assists the upper body to be positioned above the centre of gravity when walking. Allows to fully extend their legs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Quadrupedal carrying angle

A

Interior angle - inside of femur. Femur descends vertically from the pelvis with no slant. Cannot fully extend legs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Stereoscopic vision

A

A state where each eye sees slightly different views of an object so that depth as well as width and height can be seen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Carrying angle

A

The arrangement of the thigh bones to form an angle to the vertical.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Striding Gait

A

Walking in such a way that the hip and knee are fully extended and feet can be placed in front of the other.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Afarensis age and location

A

Around 3 Million Years old. Found in Eastern Africa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Afarensis cranial capacity

A

Lessthan 500cc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Afarensis skull features

A
  • Wide, ape-like face.
  • Low forehead.
  • Bony Brow ridge (sagittal crest).
  • Jaw shape; evolving between parabolic and u shape.
  • Large prognathic jaw.
  • Massive teeth particularly, molars and canines.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Afarensis skeleton features

A
  • Long arms and short legs.
  • Fingers and toes are long and curved.
  • Knees and pelvis adapted to allow bipedal walking.
  • Sexual dimorphism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Africanus age and location

A

Around 3-2.3 million Years old. Found in Southern Africa.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Africanus cranial capacity

A

Around 430cc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Africanus skull features

A
  • Less prominent brow ridge.
  • Prognathism exists, slightly less than Afarensis.
  • Higher forehead.
  • Smaller canines/incisors.
  • Small cranium.
  • Large molars and premolars.
  • Parabolic jaw.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Africanus skeleton features

A
  • Long arms and short legs.
  • Human like-short broad pelvis. - Valgus Knee (curved inwards to central axis).
  • Curved fingers.
  • Sexual Dimorphism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Paranthropus robustus age and location

A

Around 2.7 Million years old. Found in Southern Africa

19
Q

Paranthropus robustus cranial capacity

A

Around 600cc

20
Q

Paranthropus robustus skull features

A
  • Sagittal Crest.
  • Large robust skull.
  • Large brow ridge.
  • No forehead.
  • Large jaw for attachment of powerful chewing muscles.
21
Q

Paranthropus robustus skeleton features

A
  • Long arms and short legs.
  • Much larger/broader than other species.
  • Heavy bones.
  • Cone shaped rib-cage
  • Sexual Dimorphism
22
Q

Homo habilis nickname

A

Handy man

23
Q

Homo habilis age and location

A

Around 2.4-1.5 Million Years Old. Found in Eastern Africa

24
Q

Homo habilis cranial capacity

A

Around 600cc.

25
Q

Homo habilis skull features.

A
  • Small teeth/molars.
  • Less prognathic jaw, but robust.
  • Weaker brow ridge.
  • Flat face.
26
Q

Homo habilis skeleton features

A
  • Arms similar length to legs.
  • Well-defined arches in foot.
  • Big toe in line with other toes.
  • Robust ape-like fingers.
  • Less but present sexual dimorphism
27
Q

Homo habilis tools

A
  • Oldowan Tools.
    › Made of stone and pebble.
    › Made by using other stones to remove flakes from rocks.
    › Used to scratch meat off bone, not big enough to kill animals.
28
Q

Homo erectus age and location

A

Around 1.7 Million – 200 000 years old. Found in Africa and Asia

29
Q

Homo erectus cranial capacity

A

Around 1050cc

30
Q

Homo erectus skull features

A
  • Smaller teeth (fire made meat easier to chew).
  • Still large jaw and jaw/zygomatic muscles.
  • No chin.
  • Thick brow ridges.
  • Long, low and thick skull.
  • Pentagon shape from back.
31
Q

Homo erectus skeleton features

A
  • Arms longer than legs.
  • Rib cage smaller, barrel chest.
  • Hairless.
  • Lean. Large surface area to volume ratio for losing heat, adaption for sweating.
  • Narrow hips. Similar proportions to homo sapiens, baby born with less developed brain so more care needed.
  • Sexual dimorphism
32
Q

Homo erectus tools

A
  • Acheulian Tools – Hand Axes.
    › Tear drop shape.
    › Made of stone.
    › Various sizes, for various uses. This shows higher level of thinking.
33
Q

Homo erectus culture

A

Suggest they worked together in groups. › Evidence: Piles of bones suggest mass killings, bones had stone marks on them.

  • Capable of killing, men were hunters. As women were small they were gatherers.
  • Lived Together.
  • Fire used to cook meat removing parasites, provide light at night and scare other animals.
34
Q

Homo neanderthal age and location.

A

Around 250 000 – 30 000 years old. Found in Europe and the Middle East.

35
Q

Homo neanderthal cranial capacity

A

Around 1500cc (largest of all ancestors)

36
Q

Homo neanderthal skull features

A
  • Protruding jaw. Midface prognathism.
  • Reduce forehead size.
  • Swept-back zygomatic arches.
  • Long-low skull.
  • Large brow ridge, protect large eye sockets.
  • Occipital bun at the back of skull
  • Large nose, for humidifying and warming cold, dry air.
  • Teeth larger than humans.
37
Q

Homo neanderthal skeleton features

A
  • Heavy build.
  • Thicker arms and legs.
  • Wider build, minimise surface areas, adaption to the cold.
  • Lack of sexual dimorphism, suggests both male and female were hunters
38
Q

Homo neanderthal tools

A
  • Mousterian Tools:
    › Bifacial, sidescrapers, arrow heads.
    › Used Levallois Flake technique, produced more complex tools.
39
Q

Homo neanderthal culture

A
  • Higher order thinking and bigger cognitive ability.
  • Tools for specific jobs, tools can be re-sharpened, one person specialises in a specific tool, it is though arrow heads were connected to wood.
  • Tools to scrape hides off dead animals and use as clothing. Provide warmth during ice age.
  • Rituals: Buried dead, occasionally marking graces with offering, i.e tools/flowers
  • Lived in caves, built shelters out of sticks and animal hides.
  • Controlled fire for warmth, protection and cooking.
40
Q

Homo sapien age and location

A

130 000 years old. Found in Africa, Asia and Europe.

41
Q

Homo sapien cranial capacity

A

1350cc

42
Q

Homo sapien skull features

A
  • Little brow ridge.
  • Prominent chin.
  • Reduced jaw under the chin.
  • Higher skull.
  • Projecting nose.
  • Face under brain.
  • Virtually no prognathism.
43
Q

Homo sapien skeleton features

A
  • Gracile (slender build).
  • Short thumbs.
  • Straighter finger and toe bones.
  • Long limbed. Legs longer then arms/of similar size.
  • Pelvis narrower from side to side. Deeper bowl shape.
  • Speech area of brain more developed.
  • Carrying angle of femur present
44
Q

Homo sapien tools

Cro-magnon culture

A 
Aurignacian (43000-23000 yrs)
- blade tools
- hafted (attached) to make larger tools
Solutrean (22000-19000 yrs)
- pressure flaking to retouch blades
characterised by laurel leaf shape
- mostly ornamental 
Magdalenian (18000-12000 yrs)
- use of bone and antlers (i.e to make fishing hooks)
- made using burin (tool used to make other tools)

Human Biology 2020 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions