Endocrine System

Question 1

What two systems work to regulate the different functions of the other other organs?

Answer 1

Nervous system and endocrine system

Question 2

What is secreted from endocrine glands?

Answer 2

Hormones

Question 3

What are the major glands of the endocrine system?

Answer 3

• pituitary
• thyroid
• parathyroid
• pineal
• adrenal glands

Question 4

What are the non major glands of the endocrine system?

Answer 4

• heart
• liver
• pancreas
• stomach
• intestine
• thymus
• ovaries
• testes
• skin
• hypothalamus
• placenta

Question 5

How is the pituitary gland connected? Where is it connected to?

Answer 5

• pituitary gland attaches to the hypothalamus

- it is a stalk called the infundibulum

Question 6

Where is the pituitary gland located?

Answer 6

hypophyseal fossa of the sphenoid bone in the middle cranial fossa

Question 7

What does the pituitary gland do?

Answer 7

-regulate the secretions of most of the other glands of the endocrine system

Question 8

What controls the pituitary gland?

Answer 8

the hypothalamus, specifically the hormonal feedback loops from the hypothalamus

Question 9

How many lobes are in the pituitary gland and what are the names?

Answer 9

• there are 2
• anterior pituitary
• posterior pituitary

Question 10

What is the blood supply of the pituitary?

Answer 10

the arterial circle of willis

Question 11

Where is the pineal gland attached to?

Answer 11

attached to the posterior wall of the third cerebral ventricle

Question 12

What does the pineal gland do?

Answer 12

• regulate the circadian rhythm

- distribution of the melanin pigments in the skin

Question 13

What does the pineal gland look like in older people?

Answer 13

calcified

Question 14

What is the blood supply of the pineal gland?

Answer 14

posterior cerebral artery

Question 15

How is the pineal gland controlled?

Answer 15

by hormonal feedbacks

Question 16

Where is the thyroid gland?

Answer 16

• in the neck
• anterior to the trachea
• inferior to the larynx

Question 17

How many lobes are part of the thyroid and what are the names?

Answer 17

• two lateral lobes

- pyramidal lobe (a potential 3rd small lobe in 50% of people)

Question 18

What connects the two lobes of the thyroid?

Answer 18

• isthmus
• a slender connection
• anterior to the trachea
• at the level of the 2nd and 3rd cartilage rings of trachea

Question 19

Where is the third lobe of the thyroid located?

Answer 19

-superior to the isthmus

Question 20

Where are the lobes of the thyroid located?

Answer 20

• the thyroid and cricoid cartilages medially
• common carotid arteries laterally
• extend superiorly to the inferior border of the thyroid cartilage of the larynx

Question 21

What does the thyroid do?

Answer 21

• secrete hormones that regulate metabolic rate

- secrete hormones that regulate blood calcium levels

Question 22

Where is the parathyroid glands?

Answer 22

partially embedded within the posterior surface of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland

Question 23

What is the parathyroid gland made of?

Answer 23

glandular tissue

Question 24

What does the parathyroid gland do?

Answer 24

cooperates with the thyroid hormone (calcitonin) in blood calcium level regulation

Question 25

What is the hormone that regulates blood calcium levels? Where is it secreted from?

Answer 25

• calcitonin

- thyroid gland

Question 26

What supplies blood for the thyroid gland? Do these same blood supplies the parathyroid gland?

Answer 26

• superior and inferior thyroid arteries branches of the external carotid and subclavian arteries
• yes

Question 27

How is the thyroid and parathyroid gland regulated?

Answer 27

by the hormonal feedbacks or the level of blood calcium

Question 28

Where are the suprarenal glands located?

Answer 28

• superior pole of the kidneys

- surrounded by a separate capsule

Question 29

How many lobes are there to the suprarenal gland? What are their names and shape?

Answer 29

• right gland: pyramidal- shaped

- left gland: crescent shaped

Question 30

What are the layers of the suprarenal gland?

Answer 30

• superficial cortex

- medullary (deep)

Question 31

What does the suprarenal glands do?

Answer 31

From the cortex…
-secrete hormones that regulate balancing the level of sodium and glucose
-secrete hormones that regulate sexual activities
From the medulla…
-secrete hormones that mimic the function of the sympathetic nervous system

Question 32

What is the blood supply of the suprarenal glands?

Answer 32

branches arising from abdominal aorta and renal arteries

Question 33

How is the suprarenal glands regulated?

Answer 33

The cortex
-regulated by the hormonal feedbacks
The medullary
-regulated by the preganglionic sympathetic fibers carried by greater, lesser, and least splanchnic nerves

Question 34

What types of cells does the medullary part of the suprarenal gland have?

Answer 34

-chromaffin cells: these are modified neurons that act as postganglionic sympathetic neurons

Question 35

What is the one gland that is not regulated by hormonal feedback?

Answer 35

the medullary layer of the suprarenal glands

-they are regulated by the preganglionic sympathetic fibers carried by greater, lesser, and least splanchnic nerves

Question 36

What glands are not regulated by the hypothalamus?

Answer 36

• thyroid
• parathyroid
• medullary of suprarenal gland