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Physiology Exam #2 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine system (what it is controls, communication distance)

A
  • organs that secrete hormones —> blood stream
  • controls the function of other target organs
  • long distance communication
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2
Q

Primary endocrine organs (8)

A
  • hypothalamus
  • pituitary
  • pineal
  • thyroid/parathyroid
  • thymus
  • adrenal gland
  • pancreas
  • testes/ovaries
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3
Q

Hypothalamus (structure, function, secretes))

A

Structure: neural secretory cells and nuclei that connect to the pituitary gland
-neural secretory cells: neurons that secrete hormones at an axon terminal

Function: controls release of pituitary hormones

Secretes: releasing and inhibiting tropic hormones to anterior pituitary gland
-tropic hormones: secreted from one gland, causes another gland to secrete

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4
Q

Hypothalamus connections

A
  • posterior pituitary’

- anterior pituitary

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5
Q

Hypothalamus-Posterior Pituitary (PP) connection

A
  1. Neurons in hypothalamus synthesize and secrete hormones
    - supraoptic nucleus: oxytocin
    - paraventricular nucleus: anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
  2. Hormones stored in terminal vesicles (in PP)
  3. When stimulated —> vesicles release hormones in capillary beds of PP
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6
Q

Hypothalamus- Anterior pituitary (AP) connection

A

-portal system

  1. stimulated neurosecretory cells release hormones in first capillary bed
  2. First capillary bed —> Portal vein —> 2nd capillary bed (in AP)
  3. Hormones exit capillaries —> stimulate AP endocrine cells
  4. AP endocrine cells secrete hormones in capillaries
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7
Q

Posterior pituitary gland (structure, secretes, what each hormone targets/ results)

A

-structure: neural tissue (axon terminals) from hypothalamus

Secretes:

  1. Oxytocin- targets: uterus and breasts….results: uterine contractions and milk expulsion
  2. Anti-Diuretic hormone (ADH or Vasopressin)- targets: kidneys…result: increase water reabsoprtion
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8
Q

Anterior pituitary gland (structure, secretes(6))

A

Structure: epithelial tissue

Secretes:

  • prolactin
  • thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Growth hormone (GH)
  • Leutinizing hormone (LH)
  • follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
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9
Q

Prolactin (controlled by, what is released, acts on, results)

A
  • controlled by hypothalamus
    1. Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)
    2. Prolactin inhibiting hormone or dopamine (PIH)

Acts on: breasts

Results: milk secretion, mammary gland development

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10
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormones TSH (controlled by, what is released, acts on, results)

A
  • controlled by hypothalamus
    1. Thyrotropin releasing hormones (TRH)

Acts on: thyroid gland

Result: release thyroid hormones —>metabolism

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11
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone- ACTH (controlled by, what is released, acts on, results)

A
  • controlled by hypothalamus
    1. Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

Acts on: adrenal gland

Results: releases glucocorticoids —> stress response

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12
Q

Growth Hormones- GH (controlled by, what is released, acts on, results)

A

Controlled by hypothalamus

  1. growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
  2. Growth hormone inhibiting hormone or somatostatin (GHIH)

Acts on: liver, cells

Results:

  1. Releases insulin like growth factors (liver)
  2. Signals growth and metabolism (cells)
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13
Q

Leutinizing Hormone LH (controlled by, what is released, acts on, results)

A

Controlled by hypothalamus
1. Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Acts on: ovaries, testes

Results: ovulation, secretion of sex hormones

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14
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone FSH (controlled by, what is released, acts on, results)

A

Controlled by hypothalamus
1. Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Acts on: ovaries/ testes

Results: sperm/ egg development

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15
Q

Pineal gland (structure, secretes, results)

A

Structure: epithelial tissue in brain

Secretes: melatonin

Results: regulates circadian rhythms

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16
Q

Thyroid (structure, secretes, results)

A

Structure: butterfly structure, ventral surface of trachea

Secretes: tetraiodothyronine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) and calcitonin

Results:

  1. Increase metabolism
  2. Lower Ca2+ levels in blood, deposition in bone
17
Q

Parathyroid (structure, secretes, results)

A

Structure: 4 small glands behind the thyroid

Secretes: parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Results: increase blood calcium levels

18
Q

Thymus (structure, secretes, results)

A

Structure: two lobed gland in front of the heart

Secretes: thymosin

Results: T cell functional regulation

19
Q

Adrenal gland-structure and parts

A

Structure: multilayered gland above kidneys

  1. Cortex
  2. Medulla
20
Q

Cortex (structure, secretes, results)

A

-outer layer

Secretes:

  1. Mineral corticosteroids (aldosterone)
  2. Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
  3. Androgens

Results:

  1. Stimulate Na+ reabsorption, K+ secretion in kidneys
  2. Catabolism of fats and proteins, raise glucose, stress response
  3. Promotes sex drive
21
Q

Medulla (structure, secretes, results)

A

-inner core

Secretes:

  1. Epinephrine
  2. Norepinephrine

Results: increased heart rate, mobilization of energy sources

22
Q

Pancreas (structure and kinds of cells)

A

Structure: exocrine/endocrine gland below stomach

  1. endocrine cells
  2. Exocrine cells
23
Q

Exocrine cells (function)

A

Secretes enzymes into GI tract

24
Q

Endocrine cells (types)

A

Alpha cells, beta cells, delta cells, F cells

25
Q

Alpha cells (secretes/ results)

A

Secretes: glucagon

Results: raises blood glucose, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis

26
Q

Beta cells (secretes, results)

A

Secretes: insulin

Results: lower blood glucose levels, promotes energy storage

27
Q

Delta cells (secretes, results)

A

Secretes: somatostatin

Results: inhibits secretion of pancreatic hormones

28
Q

F cells (secrete, results)

A

Secrete; pancreatic polypeptides

Results: inhibits pancreatic exocrine secretions

29
Q

Testes/ ovaries (secretes/ results)

A

Testes (male)
Secretes: androgens
Results: sperm production, sex drive, secondary sex characteristics

Ovaries (female)
Secretes: estrogens
Results: follicular development, secondary sex characteristics

Physiology Exam #2 (9 decks)

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