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Physiology Exam #2 > Chemical Messengers > Flashcards

Chemical Messengers Flashcards

1
Q

Intercellular communication (What it Is and types)

A

-cells communicating with each other

-Types:
Direct: gap junctions: pores (connexons) connecting adjacent cells
Indirect: chemical messengers

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2
Q

Classification of chemical messengers

A
  • functional
  • chemical properties
  • chemical class
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3
Q

Functional

A
  • paracrines
  • neurotransmitters
  • hormones
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4
Q

Paracrines (what they are, distance, mode of transportation, includes, examples)

A
  • chemicals that communicate with neighboring cells (tissue level)
  • Distance: short
  • mode of transportation: diffusion
  • Includes: autocrines- chemicals that act on the same cell that secreted them
  • EX: growth factors, clotting factors, cytokines
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5
Q

Neurotransmitters (what they are, distance, mode of transmission, example)

A
  • chemicals released by neurons —> synapse —> target cell
  • distance: short
  • mode of transmission: diffusion
  • example: acetylcholine
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6
Q

Hormones (what they are, distance, mode of transmission)

A
  • chemicals released from endocrine glands, or neurosecretory neurons —> ISF —> blood
  • distance: long
  • mode of transmission: blood
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7
Q

Chemical properties

A
  • lipophilic: lipid soluble, acts on receptors inside the cell
  • lipophpobic: usually water soluble, acts on receptors on the cell membrane
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8
Q

Chemical classes

A
  • amino acids
  • amines
  • peptides and proteins
  • steroids
  • eisosanoids
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9
Q

Amino acids (what they are, chemical properties, functional classification, examples)

A
  • basic monomer for proteins
  • chemical properties: lipophobic
  • functional classification: neurotransmitter
  • EX: glutamate, glycine, GABA
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10
Q

Amines (what they are, contains, chemical properties, functional classification, examples-6)

A
  • derived from amino acids
  • contains: NH2
  • chemical properties: lipophobic (except thyroid hormones)
  • functional classification: neurotransmitter, hormones, paracrines
  • examples: serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, histamine, thyroid hormones
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11
Q

Peptides and proteins (what they are, chemical property, how common, functional class, examples)

A
  • chain of amino acids
  • most common
  • chemical property: lipophobic
  • functional classification: paracrines, NT, hormones
  • ex: cytokines, variety of NT, hormones
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12
Q

Steroids (what they are, chemical property, functional classification, examples)

A
  • derived from cholesterol
  • chemical property: lipophilic
  • functional classification: hormones
  • EX: testosterone, cortisol, aldosterone, progesterone
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13
Q

Eisosanoids (what they are, chemical property, functional classification, examples)

A
  • derived from arachidonic acid (fatty acid)
  • chemical property: lipophilic
  • functional classification: paracrines
  • EX: prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes
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14
Q

Signal transduction mechanism

A

1: source released ligand (chemical messenger)
2: travels to target cell
3: ligand binds to receptors on/in target cell —> functional change

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15
Q

Properties of cell receptors

A
  1. Messenger specific
  2. Multiple receptor types present in/on cell
  3. The more interactions —> the greater the effect
    • factors affecting interactions
      - messenger concentration, # of receptors, affinity
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16
Q

Intracellular mediated response (where receptors are, messenger property, response, effects)

A
  • receptors: inside cell
  • messenger: lipophilic
  • response: gene activation or inhibition
  • effects: slow —> protein synthesis takes time
17
Q

Membrane receptor mediated response (where receptors are, messenger type, categories)

A
  • receptors: on membrane
  • messenger: lipophobic
  • categories:
    • enzyme-linked
    • channel-Linked
    • G-protein linked
18
Q

Channel-linked

A
  • receptor also acts as a channel

- response: opens channels in membrane

19
Q

Enzyme linked

A
  • receptor also acts as an intracellular enzyme

- response: activates enzyme

20
Q

G-protein linked

A
  • receptor is linked to a group of proteins (G proteins) in membrane
  • response: activates G-protein —> activates another membrane bound protein
21
Q

Second messengers

A
  • intracellular molecules produced or entered as a response to an extra cellular messenger
  • can amplify signal
  • EX: CA2+, cyclic AMP (cAMP)
22
Q

Long Distance Communication

A
  • required to regulate all body activities
  • regulated by:
    • endocrine system
      • releases hormones in blood
      • effects are slow
    • nervous system
      • signal target cells through NT
      • effects fast (1/1000 sec)

Physiology Exam #2 (9 decks)

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