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Pathology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Located in the brain – above brain stem

Links the Central Nervous system to the Endocrine system

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2
Q

Anterior Pituitary gland produces

A

Growth hormone

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

Adreno-corticotrophic hormone

Follicle stimulating hormone

Lutenising hormone

Prolactin

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3
Q

Posterior Pituitary gland produces

A

Antidiuretic hormone

Oxytocin

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4
Q

Pituitary Diseases

A

Hyperpituitarism-related effects
Adenomas
Hypopituitarism-related effectsInjury, surgery, radiation, inflammation
Local mass effect compressing the optic chiasm

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5
Q

Hyperpituitarism

A

Most common cause is an adenoma in anterior lobe.

Other causes:Cancer Hyperplasia

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6
Q

Pituitary Adenoma

A

Functional- prolactinoma
Non Functional
Macroadenomas ( > 1 cm in diameter )
Microadenomas (

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7
Q

Pituitary Adenoma over production of ACTH

A

Cushing’s disease

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8
Q

Pituitary Adenoma over production of growth hormone

A

Gigantism (children)

Acromegaly (adults)

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9
Q

Pituitary Adenoma over production of prolactin

A

Galactorrhea/ amenorrhea sexual dysfunctioninfertility

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10
Q

Pituitary Adenoma over production of TSH

A

Hyperthyroidism

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11
Q

Pituitary Adenoma over production of FSH, LH

A

Hypogonadism, mass effects/hypopituitarism

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12
Q

Hypopituitarism

A

Occurs with loss of 75% or more of the anterior pituitary parenchyma.
Causes:
Ischemic necrosis of the pituitary: Sheehan’s syndrome

Non functioning adenomas

Surgery or irradiation

Inflammatory lesions

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13
Q

Hyperthyroidism causes

A 
Grave’s disease (Autoimmune)
Over treatment by thyroxine
Infective – De Quervain’s thyroiditis
Toxic multinodular goitre
Toxic adenoma
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14
Q

Hyperthyroidism management/ treatment

A

Testing: Clinical + thyroid function tests

Treat the cause

Carbimazole/propylthiouracil

Radioiodine

Thyroidectomy

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15
Q

Hypothyroidism

A 
Iodine deficiency
Autoimmune – Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Iatrogenic: Surgery, radioiodine
Pituitary defects
Congenital
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16
Q

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A

Autoimmune destruction of the thyroid gland.

Women > men

45 – 60 years old

17
Q

Thyroid Cancer

A

Relatively uncommon

Most common type is Papillary carcinoma.

Papillary thyroid carcinoma is a non-functional tumour.

18
Q

Hypoparathyroidism causes

A

Removal by surgery (Thyroidectomy)
Congenital
Hereditary (autoimmune)

19
Q

Hypoparathyroidism symptoms

A

Due to low calcium;- Irritability- Tetany- Seizures

20
Q

Hyperparathyroidism causes

A 
PRIMARY
Adenoma
SECONDARY 
chronic renal failure 
TERTIARY
After renal transplant
21
Q

Hyperparathyroidism symptoms

A 
Due to hypercalcemia:
Constipation
Depression
Seizures
Muscle wasting
Polyuria
Bone fractures
Kidney stones
22
Q

Hyperaldosteronism

A

Primary ( Conn’s Disease in > 50 %)

Secondary (due to high renin)

23
Q

Conn’s Disease Symptoms

A

Oedema
Hypertension
High Sodium
Low Potassium

24
Q

Glucocorticoids: Cortisol

A 
Essential to life
Regulates blood sugar
Inhibits inflammation
Stress response
Release is by circadian rhythm (normal)
Stress
Excess release ------ Cushing’s Syndrome
25
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome Causes

A

ACTH releasing tumour (pituitary/lung)

Steroids

26
Q

Addison’s disease (adrenal insufficiency)

A

Multiple causes:
Autoimmune
Infection
Neoplasms

27
Q

Addison’s disease: Symptoms and signs

A

GI Symptoms (Anorexia, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea)
Weight loss
Hyperpigmentation
Low Sodium, High Potassium

28
Q

Gonadocorticoids (sex hormones)

A

Testosterone
Oestrogen
Both are also secreted from the gonads

29
Q

Phaeochromocytoma: Presentation

A 
Hypertension
Sweating
Palpitations
Nervousness
Increased metabolic ratio
Rapid heart rate
30
Q

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN)

A

Group of inherited diseases resulting in proliferative lesions of multiple endocrine organs
Different types

Pathology (22 decks)

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