Endocrine System Flashcards
What are the major endocrine glands?
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Pituitary gland Pineal gland Parathyroid gland Thyroid gland Adrenal gland Pancreas Ovary Testis
What is a hormone?
Regulatory biochemical secreted into the blood stream that influences physiological and behavioral activities
Is the thymus part of the endocrine system?
Often shown as part but doesn’t make any hormones (produces lymphocytes/Tcells)
How can pituitary adenoma cause gigantism and acromegaly?
Secretion of human growth hormone
- If it occurs before growth stops = gigantism
- If it occurs after growth stops = Acromegaly
Abnormal growth of the pituitary gland can causes problems with what sense?
vision
interrupts the optic chiasm
Symptoms of acromegaly?
think jaw and tongue
big hands
muscular hypertrophy
loss of peripheral vision
Where is cortisol made and what does it do?
Adrenal glands
Stimulates the breakdown of sugar and reduces inflammation
What does aldosterone do and where is it made?
Made in the adrenal glands
Helps regulate sodium and potassium levels in the body
-this controls BP, Balance of fluid and electrolytes in blood
What causes addison’s disease and what are its symptoms?
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Caused by adrenal cortical insufficiency Symptoms: Broze pigmentation of skin Dehydration GI disturbances Weight loss Hypoglycemia Renal shutdown Lower BP/vascular collapse Low sodium levels High potassium levels
What causes Cushing’s disease and what is the pathology?
Symptoms?
Caused by excess cortisol levels Pathology: A pituitary tumor causes increased ACTH which stimulates the adrenal gland to secrete excess cortisol Symptoms: Moon face Buffalo hump/fat pads Poor wound healing Poor muscle development Thin Skin
How is the pancreas involved with the endocrine system?
It secretes insulin (beta cells) and glucagon (alpha cells)
What is insulin’s effect on blood glucose levels?
reduces them
What is glucagon’s effect on blood glucose levels?
Raises them
What is the diabetic triad?
Polyuria- excess urination
Polydypsia- excess water intake
Polyphagia- Excess food intake
Pathology in Type 1 diabetes?
Muscles are unable to use glucose due to low insulin levels
can’t produce insulin
Pathology in Type 2 diabetes?
Muscle unable to use glucose due to insulin resistance
Symptoms of diabetes?
Macrovascular
Have microvascular and microvascular complications: Macrovascular= -stroke -heart disease and hypertension - peripheral vascular disease -foot problems
Symptoms of diabetes?
Microvascular
Microvascular =
- Diabetic eye disease (retinopathy and cataracts)
- renal disease
- neuropathy
- foot problems
What does the thyroid secrete and what does it control?
Thyroxine
and it controls basal metabolic rate
What causes goiters?
Thyroid hypertrophy in response to lack of dietary iodine
General symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
hot and bothered
weight loss
General symptoms of hypothyroidism?
cold and withdrawn
weight gain
What is the pathology of grave’s disease?
Autoimmune disease attacking the thyroid which enlarges and over secretes thyroxine
What is exophthalmos?
abnormal protrusion of eyeballs
