Endocrine System

Question 1

What are the major endocrine glands?

8

Answer 1

Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Parathyroid gland
Thyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Ovary
Testis

Question 2

What is a hormone?

Answer 2

Regulatory biochemical secreted into the blood stream that influences physiological and behavioral activities

Question 3

Is the thymus part of the endocrine system?

Answer 3

Often shown as part but doesn’t make any hormones (produces lymphocytes/Tcells)

Question 4

How can pituitary adenoma cause gigantism and acromegaly?

Answer 4

Secretion of human growth hormone

• If it occurs before growth stops = gigantism
• If it occurs after growth stops = Acromegaly

Question 5

Abnormal growth of the pituitary gland can causes problems with what sense?

Answer 5

vision

interrupts the optic chiasm

Question 6

Symptoms of acromegaly?

Answer 6

think jaw and tongue
big hands
muscular hypertrophy
loss of peripheral vision

Question 7

Where is cortisol made and what does it do?

Answer 7

Adrenal glands

Stimulates the breakdown of sugar and reduces inflammation

Question 8

What does aldosterone do and where is it made?

Answer 8

Made in the adrenal glands
Helps regulate sodium and potassium levels in the body
-this controls BP, Balance of fluid and electrolytes in blood

Question 9

What causes addison’s disease and what are its symptoms?

9

Answer 9

Caused by adrenal cortical insufficiency
Symptoms:
Broze pigmentation of skin
Dehydration
GI disturbances
Weight loss
Hypoglycemia
Renal shutdown
Lower BP/vascular collapse
Low sodium levels
High potassium levels

Question 10

What causes Cushing’s disease and what is the pathology?

Symptoms?

Answer 10

Caused by excess cortisol levels
Pathology: 
A pituitary tumor causes increased ACTH which stimulates the adrenal gland to secrete excess cortisol
Symptoms:
Moon face 
Buffalo hump/fat pads
Poor wound healing
Poor muscle development
Thin Skin

Question 11

How is the pancreas involved with the endocrine system?

Answer 11

It secretes insulin (beta cells) and glucagon (alpha cells)

Question 12

What is insulin’s effect on blood glucose levels?

Answer 12

reduces them

Question 13

What is glucagon’s effect on blood glucose levels?

Answer 13

Raises them

Question 14

What is the diabetic triad?

Answer 14

Polyuria- excess urination
Polydypsia- excess water intake
Polyphagia- Excess food intake

Question 15

Pathology in Type 1 diabetes?

Answer 15

Muscles are unable to use glucose due to low insulin levels

can’t produce insulin

Question 16

Pathology in Type 2 diabetes?

Answer 16

Muscle unable to use glucose due to insulin resistance

Question 17

Symptoms of diabetes?

Macrovascular

Answer 17

Have microvascular and microvascular complications:
Macrovascular=
-stroke
-heart disease and hypertension
- peripheral vascular disease
-foot problems

Question 18

Symptoms of diabetes?

Microvascular

Answer 18

Microvascular =

• Diabetic eye disease (retinopathy and cataracts)
• renal disease
• neuropathy
• foot problems

Question 19

What does the thyroid secrete and what does it control?

Answer 19

Thyroxine

and it controls basal metabolic rate

Question 20

What causes goiters?

Answer 20

Thyroid hypertrophy in response to lack of dietary iodine

Question 21

General symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 21

hot and bothered

weight loss

Question 22

General symptoms of hypothyroidism?

Answer 22

cold and withdrawn

weight gain

Question 23

What is the pathology of grave’s disease?

Answer 23

Autoimmune disease attacking the thyroid which enlarges and over secretes thyroxine

Question 24

What is exophthalmos?

Answer 24

abnormal protrusion of eyeballs

Question 25

What does the parathyroid glands regulate?

Answer 25

calcium blood levels

Question 26

Hyperparathyroidism causes what symptoms?

4

Answer 26

Stones, bones, groans, moans

• kidney stones
• osteoporosis and bone fractures
• pain from stomach ulcers
• dementia

Question 27

Hypothalamus function in the endocrine system?

2

Answer 27

Controls the release of 8 major hormones by the pituitary gland
Controls hunger and thirst

Question 28

What controls the posterior portion of the pituitary gland?

Answer 28

nerves

Question 29

What controls the anterior portion of the pituitary gland?

Answer 29

endocrine cells

Question 30

Parts of the thyroid?

Answer 30

right and left lobes and isthmus

Question 31

Nerves adjacent to the thyroid?

2

Answer 31

vagus and recurrent laryngeal

Question 32

Parts of the adrenal gland?

Answer 32

capsule, cortex, medulla

Question 33

Where is the vagus nerve in relation to the pancreas?

Answer 33

anterior trunk in front and posterior trunk in back

Question 34

Where would you palpate your thyroid gland?

Answer 34

Below the thyroid cartilage
Have your patient swallow
Usually you can’t feel the thyroid but if its enlarged you can feel it

Question 35

What part of the pituitary is directly connected to the hypothalamus?

Answer 35

Posterior

Question 36

Where is the pineal gland located?

Answer 36

epithalamus