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Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the brain links the nervous system to the endocrine system?

Via what gland?

A

Hypothalamus

Pituitary Gland

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2
Q

What happens in the thryroid follicle when stimulate by Thyroid Stimulating Hormone?

A

Follicular cells uptake thyroglobulin into cytoplasm to break it down into T3 & T4 to be secreted into blood

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3
Q

Beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans secrete what?

A

Insulin

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4
Q

What is B?

What does this layer secrete?

A

Zona glomerulosa secretes mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

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5
Q

In repsonse to stress, ACTH stimulates Zona fasciculata to secrete its glucocorticoid (cortisol) to do what?

A

affect the hepatocyte, fat, skeletal muscle to maintain homeostasis by decreasing unnecessary actions

(= negative feedback loop)

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6
Q

What are on either side of the Hypophyseal Cavity?

A

pars distalis & pars intermedia

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7
Q

What is D?

A

Hypophyseal cavity

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8
Q

Delta cells of the Islets of Langerhans secrete what?

A

somatostatin

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9
Q

Alpha cells of the Islets of Langerhans secrete what?

A

glucagon

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10
Q

What is the retina’s role in regards to Melanin?

A

Retina detects stimuli, which stimulates secretion of melanin by the pinealocytes when it’s dark, siglans time of day, time of year, is an antioxidant

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11
Q

What does the heart secrete in regards to the endocrine system?

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

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12
Q

What is A and what does it contain?

A

Colloid & thyroglobulin

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13
Q

What is C?

A

Pars Distalis

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14
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

Ductless system that secretes into blood to affect cells far away

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15
Q

What do the axons pass through when traveling to the andenohypophysis?

Where do the axons release the releasing hormone into?

To what part of the adenohypophysis?

What do the releasing hormones bind to to stimulate it to release its specific hormone?

A
  • pass thru infundubulum
  • portal blood supply
  • pars distalis
  • epithelial cell
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16
Q

What are the three parts of th Adenohypophysis?

A

Pars distalis

Pars intermedia

Pars tuberalis

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17
Q

What is D?

What does this layer secrete?

A

Zona reticularis secretes androgens

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18
Q

Once at the target cell, hormones bind to what?

Exception??

A

Recetor on cell surface

Steroids pass through plasms mem & bind to nucleus

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19
Q

In repsonse to low bp, angiotensin II stimulates Zona glomerulosa to secrete its mineralocorticoid (aldosterone) to do what?

A

increase activity of Na/K ATPase in kindey to conserve water & increase blood volume

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20
Q

The pyloric region of the GIT secretes what?

A

gastrin

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21
Q

What percent of the pancreas is exocrine?

A

98%

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22
Q

What percent of the pancreas is endocrine?

A

2%

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23
Q

What is B?

A

Pars intermedia

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24
Q

What are Pituicytes?

A

support cells for the axons

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25
Q

What is B?

A

Thyroid follicle cuboidal epithelial cell

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26
Q

In the hypothalamus there are cell bodies; where do the axons go through and where do they terminate?

A

Axons thravel through the infundibular stalk

Axons terminate on fenestrated capillaries in pars nervosa

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27
Q

What 2 hormones does the kidney secrete affecting the endocrine system?

A

Renin & Erythropoietin

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28
Q

What does ANP do and what does it target?

A

promotes Na+ & water loss to decrease bp by targeting distal convoluted tubules of the kindey

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29
Q

Thyroid Gland consists of what?

A

Follicles

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30
Q

What do endocrine cells produce? (general)

A

Hormones

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31
Q

What does Calcitonin do?

A

sense blood Ca2+ levels; when blood Ca2+ concentration is high, calcatonin is secreted to bring blood Ca2+ levels down by increasing excretion of Ca2+ in the kidney AND decreasing osteoclast activity

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32
Q

What are the 3 types of Basophils?

What do they secrete?

What releasing hormone from the hypothalamus is first required?

A

Thyroidotrophs secrete Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone and requries TRH (thyroid releasing hormone)

Gonadotrophs secrete Follicle Stimulating Hormone & Lutenizing Hormone and require GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)

Corticotrophs secrete Adrenocorticotropin and require CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone)

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33
Q

What does the Pineal Gland regulate?

A

daily rhythms of body activity

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34
Q

What is the endocrine part of the Pancreas?

A

Islets of Langerhan

35
Q

Other cells of the Islets of Langerhans secrete what?

36
Q

What does the hypothalamus prodcue, via what, to the neurohyophysis?

A

Produces hormones via axons where the hormone sits in the axons to be secreted into blood

37
Q

What is E?

A

Adrenal Medulla

38
Q

What is a short day breeder?

A

Sheep, goats, deer, elk cycle when days are shorter in fall

39
Q

What is A?

A

Pars tuberalis

40
Q

What is C?

A

Pars intermedia

41
Q

What does the hypothalamus produce, via what, to the adenophypophysis?

A

Production of Releasing Hormones via blood

42
Q

What are the 2 types of acidophils?

What do they secrete?

What releasing hormone from the hypothalamus is first required?

A

Somatotrophs secrete Growth Hormone and require GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone)

Lactotrophs secrete Prolactin and require PRF (prolactin releasing factor)

43
Q

What is “H” ?

A

Herring Bodies

44
Q

What is A?

45
Q

What are the 3 parts of the neurohypophysis?

A

Pars nervosa

Infundibular stalk

Eminentia Mediana

46
Q

What is B?

47
Q

What cells of the kidney secrete erythropoietin in?

In repsonse to what?

Where does it go?

What does it result in?

A

Interstitial cells secrete erythropoietin in repsonse to hypoxia which goes through blood to bone marrow to increase production of rbc’s

48
Q

What is the adrenal medulla stimulated by?

A

autonomic nervous system (to Chromaffin cells to release ep & norep)

49
Q

What is A?

A

Pars distalis

50
Q

Along the axons of the neurons from the hypothalamus, what stores the hormones?

What hormones do they store?

A

Herring Bodies

ADH & Oxytocin

51
Q

What are the 5 layers of the adrenal gland?

A
  1. Capsule - outer layer
  2. Zona glomerulosa - cortex
  3. Zona fasciculata - cortex
  4. Zona reticularis - cortex
  5. Adrenal Medulla
52
Q

What are the cells adjacent to the follciles called?

What do they secrete?

A

Parafollicular Cells (C-cells) secrete Calcitonin

53
Q

What are the secretory cells of the Pineal Gland called?

What do they produce?

A

Pinealocytes produce Melanin

54
Q

What are the 2 parts of the pituitary gland?

A

Adenohypophysis - anterior part, glandular lobe

Neurohypophysis - posterior part

55
Q

What is a long day breeder?

A

Horses; cycle when days are longers in leat spring, summer, & early fall

56
Q

What determines if the thyroid follicle is active or inactive?

A

A more active follicle has colloid that is squished, looks depleted, follicle cells look more columnar than cuboidal

57
Q

What do Cheif cells secrete?

When do they secrete this?

A

Parathormone (PTH) into capillaries when blood Ca2+ concentration is low to increase reabsorption of Ca2+ AND increase osteoclast bone reabsorption

58
Q

What cells of the kindey secrete renin?

In repsonse to what?

A

Juxtaglomerular Cells

(part of the renin-angiotensin II-aldosterone system) in repsonse to low bp

59
Q

What surrounds the parathyroid gland and what type of cell is it composed of?

A

adipose tissue

Cheif cells

60
Q

Where does the neurohypophysis originate from?

A

nervous tissue from the brain

61
Q

What os the adrenal cortex derived from and what does it secrete in general?

A

mesoderm

secretes corticoids

62
Q

What is in the lumen of the thyroid follicle called?

Basophilic or Eosinophilic?

What is stored here?

A

Colloid (glassy substance) is eosinophilic and stores thyroglobulin

63
Q

What type of cells line thyroid follicles? (general)

What do the follicles secrete and into what?

A

cuboidal epithelial cells

Thyroglobulin into vesciles

64
Q

What is A?

A

Pinealocytes

65
Q

The enteroendocrine cells of the GIT secrete what to do what?

A

cholecystokinin (CCK) for gall bladder contraction

66
Q

What does the Pars distalis secrete? (general)

A

Acidophils

Basophils

Chromophobes

67
Q

What is E?

A

Neurohypophysis: pars nervosa

68
Q

What is the adrenal medulla derived from?

What does it secrete?

What are they stored in?

A

neurocrest cells

Catecholamines (epinephrine & norepinephrine)

granules of Chromaffin cells

69
Q

Hormones travel via what to the target cell?

70
Q

Where does the adenohypophysis originate from?

A

epithelial cells from mouth

71
Q

What structure is this and what tissue does it belong to?

A

Islet of Langerhan in the Pancreas

72
Q

What is G?

A

Adrenal Cortex

73
Q

What is F?

A

Infundibulum

74
Q

What is C?

A

Thyroid follicle

75
Q

What is B?

A

Pars nervosa

76
Q

What is the Hypophyseal Cavity?

A

forms the left cleft, which is left of from Rathke’s pounch w epithelium on both sides

77
Q

What hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex (3 zones)?

78
Q

What is secreted by the Pars intermedia?

A

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone

79
Q

What is C?

A

Corpora Arenacea

80
Q

What are the cells surrounding the “H’s”?

A

Pituocytes

81
Q

What is C?

What does this layer secrete?

A

Zona fasciculata secretes glucocortidoids (cortisol)

82
Q

Endocrine functions:

A

maintain homeostasis to minimize variability internally

83
Q

What are the primary endocrine organs?

A

Hypothalamus

Pituitary Gland

Pineal Gland

Thyroid Gland

Parathyroid Gland

Adrenal Gland

P Microanatomy 1 (3 decks)

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