Endocrine System Flashcards
Paracrine effect is
Hormones which effect cells of the organ where they were released
What are hormones
Chemical messengers released into blood from glands which produce them
Autocrine effect is
Hormones which effect the same cell type
3 things hormones can be
Peptides - protein
Steroids - cholesterol
Amino acid derivatives - protein
4 key differences between autonomic nervous system and a endocrine system
NS Rapid change ES slower
NS less precise ES precise
NS shorter duration ES longer
NS neurotransmitters
ES hormones
Adrenaline neurotransmitter or hormone
More a NT
Cortisol more hormone or NT
Hormone
2 types hormone glands
Exocrine
Endocrine
Define exocrine gland
EXCRETE into ducts leading to EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
Salivary glands
Sebaceous glands
Mammary glands
Define endocrine gland
Ductless
Secrete hormones into BLOOD or nearby target cells/tissues
10 endocrine glands
Hypothalamus Pituitary Pineal Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Pancreatic:islets of langerhans Thymus Ovaries Testes
Adipose tissue
Not gland but has endocrine functionality
Produces
Leptin - suppresses food intake
Resistin - blood glucose, inflammation
Heart not gland but endocrine functionality
Produced
Atrial natriuretic peptide - blood pressure
Stomach endocrine functionality
Produces
Ghrelin gastrin - satiety gastric emptying
Liver produces what hormone
Angiotensinogen
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
Thrombopoiten
Hormones placenta produces
Human chorionic gonadotropin hCG
Progesterone
Kidneys produce which hormones
Erythropoietin (RBC production)
Calcitriol (vit D)
Skin produces what hormone
Cholecalciferol (vit D)
What affect does glucose have on BV lining
Damages!
Atherosclerosis!
Clue patient has a thyroid problem
Feel a thickening round the throat
How do hormones influence the activity of their specific target cells
By identifying and binding to specific
RECEPTORS (proteins) within or on the surface of the target cells.
2 hormones produced by Adipose tissue
leptin
resistin
role of leptin
supreses food intake
role of resistin
blood glucose, inflammation
homrone made by heart and function
atrial natruretic peptide
blood pressure
3 hormones made by liver
angiotensinogen
insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
thrombopoietin - platelet production
2 hormones made by placenta
human chorionic gonadotropin hCG,
progesterone
hormone made by skin
cholecalciferol
What happens in insulin resistance
insulin doesn’t work properly
glucose remains in blood stream instead of getting into cells
free fatty acids & glucose in blood - toxic!
what effect does too much glucose and free fatty acids circulating in the blood have on the body
glucose damages BVs, fatty acids oxidise
Define down-regulation
too much hormone
target cells reduce no of protein receptors
define up regulation
deficiency in hormone
target cells increase no of protein receptors
hympthalamus and pituitary gland control almost entirely
growth
development
metabolism
homeostasis
posterier pituitary gland secretes which 2 hormones
oxytocin
adh
adh is the key to what
blood pressure control
7 hormones sythesized/released by anterior pituitary
growth hormone thyroid stimulating hormone follicle stimulating hormone luteinising hormone melanocyte stimulating hormone adrenocorticitropic hormone prolactin
which AP hormone fertilises the egg
luteinizing hormone
which AP hormone becomes the egg
follicle stimulating hormone
which AP hormone is precursor for cortisol
adrenocorticotropic hormone
list 7 releasing/inhibiting hormones secreted by hypothalamus influencing anterior pituitary
growth hormone releasing hormone growth hormone releasing inhibiting hormone thyroid releasing hormone Corticotropin releasing hormone Prolactin releasing hormone prolactin inhibiting hormone Gonadotropin releasing hormone
Which is the only endocrine gland that makes and STORES its hormones
thyroid
function follicle stimulating hormone
production of eggs/sperm
stimulates oestrogen/testosterone
function of lutenizing hormone
stimulates progesterone/testosterone
triggers ovulation
FSH/LH stimulated by
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
FSH/LH inhibited by
high levels of other hormones
If a lady is not ovulating which hormone will she be deficient in
LH
oxytocin stimulated by
nerve impulse from hypothalamus
oxytocine inhibited by
nothing POSITIVE FEEDBACK
oxytocin functions
contracts uterus/lactating breast
bonding mum and baby
antidiuretic hormone triggered by
nerve impulses from hypothalamus in response to increased osmotic pressure/reduced fluid intake
antidiuretic hormone inhibited by
raised hormone levels -
also alcohol, reduced osmotic pressure, increased fluid intake
ADH also known as
VASOPRESSIN
sodium attracts
water
why does alcohol dehydrtae you
inhibits production of antidiuretic hormone
actions of ADH
reduces urine output - stimulates sodium reabsorption (therefore water too) in kidneys
increases blood pressure via skin/abdominal organ vasoconstriction
what would happen with too little ADH
kidneys would excrete too much water
urine volume will increase > dehydration> fall in blood pressure
High Osmotic pressure means
Not enough fluid
Low osmotic pressure means
too much fluid
diuresis
urine production
difference between acromegaly and gigantism
acromegaly excess GH after ossification
gigantism excess while bones are still growing
usual cause for excess GH causing acromegaly/gigantism
pituitary tumour causing hypersecretion/damage to optic nerve
symptoms acromegaly/gigantism
enlarged tongue, fatigue, impotence, joint pain
complications acromegaly/gigantism
type 2 diabetes, hypertension, CV disease, arthritis
excess prolactin production
hyperprolactinaemia
PCOS
polycystic ovary syndrome
galactorrhoea
leaky nipples
amenorrhoea
no period
oligomenorrhoea
frequent periods
causes hyperprolactinaemia
pituitary tumour, PCOS, acromegaly, hypothyroidism
symptoms hyperprolactinaemia
galactorrhoea
amenorrhoea
oligomenorrhoea
decreased libido
what is ecephalitis
inflammation of brain
what is v rare form of diabetes
diabetes insipidus
pathophysiology of diabetes insipidus
ADH deficiency
kidneys allow over excretion of water from body
extreme thirst/dehydration
symptoms diabetes insipidus
extreme thirst/urination
7 litres a day
causes diabetes insipidus
brain trauma - tumour, encephalitis
melatonin made by which neurotransmitter
seratonin - made by 5HTP
melatonin production stimulated by
night darkness
melatonin production reduced by
daylight, bad sleep patterns, some meds
role of melatonin
sets circadian rhythm
potent ANTIOXIDANT
poss puberty
thymus gland produces
thymusin
thymus gland does what with age
atrophies
role of thymusin
stimulates development of disease-fighting T Cells
the thyroid gland rregulates your
metabolism
Thyroid follicular cells produce
T4 & T3
parafollicular cells produce
calcitonin (CT)
thyroid makes T3 & T4 from
Tyrosine
Iodine
as body makes 20 times more T4 to T3, what does body use to convert from T4 to T3
selenium - 4 brazil buts a day should do it (not chinese)
T 4 & T3 are hydrophobic - how do they travel in blood
via carrier proteins
thyroxine-binding globulin TBG
most docs just measure TSH levels what else should we measure
free T4
iodine deficiency leads to
goiters
Thyroxine production stimulated by
TSH
stress exercise
low blood glucose
low T3 to T4
thyroxine production reduced by
low TSH
high T3 to T4
Thyroxine activity/functions
increases metabolic rate/heat production
essential for normal growth/development
CNS function
affects many other hormones
If high T4 why still Hypothyroidism
missing cofactors to convert to T3
oidine, tyrosine, B,c, zinc, selenium
blood test TSH levels high indicates
thyroid failing
blood test TSH levels low indicates
thyroid functioning normally
arthralgia
joint pain
congenital
present from birth
5 lab tests for thyroid gland
TSH levels total T3 & T4 free T3 & T4 Thyroglobulin (tumour marker) Anti thyroglobulin antibodies ATA (Hashimotos/Graves
Hypothyroidism is common in the
elderly
causes hypothyroidism
congenital
hashimotos
iodine definciency
after surgery/meds
signs hypothyroidism
tiredness weight gain goitre cold intolerance mental slowness puffy around eyes depression dry brittle hair/skin/nails muscle cramps constipation loss of eyebrows deep voice bradycardia hypotension
hyperthyroidism also known as
thyrotoxicosis
most common cause of hyperthroidism
graves disease - auto-immune
other causes hyperthyroidism
iodine/thyroid med overdose, tumour, thyroiditis, nodules
symptoms hyperthyroidism
nervousness palpitations hyperactivity sweating heat sensitivity weight loss insomnia frequent bowel movements tachycardia palpitations bulging eyes
armpit hypothyroid self test known as
barnes temperature test
function/activity calcitonin
reduces blood calcium
inhibits osteoclast activity
inhibits reabsorption from bone/kidneys
calcitonin stimulated by
increased blood Ca levels
calcitonin inhibited by
decreased blood Ca levels
parathyroid gland activity
increases blood Ca when low increases Ca absorption in instestines increases Ca absorbtion in bone/kidney increases Osteoclast activity increases Vit D production
parathyroid hormone stimulated by
low blood Ca
parathyroid hormone inhibited by
high blood Ca
calcium in blood essential for
muscle contraction
nerve transmission
blood clotting
Hyperparathyroidism usual cause
tumour
hypoparathyroidism usual cause
surgery/radiation - rare
2 parts of adrenal glands
inner medulla
outer cortex
inner medulla adrenal part of
CNS Central nervous system
2 hoprmones produced by inner medulla
adrenaline (epinephrine)
noradrenalin (norepinephrine0
3 groups steroid hormones produced by outer cortex
Glucocorticoids - cortisol
mineral corticoids - aldosterone
sex hormones - androgens
3 glucocorticoid hormones produced in outer cortex adrenal
cortisol - 95%
cortisone
corticosterone
name for cortisol when used as medication
hydrocortisone
activity of glucocorticoids
stimulate - gluconeogenisis, proteolysis, lypolysis
supress immune response
why are glucocorticoids used as medicine - glucocorticosteroids
as suppress immune response -
asthma inhaler
hydrocortisone
corticosteroids
glucocorticoid hormones stimulated by
adrenocorticotropic hormone
too much cortisol/glucocorticoids -
cushings syndrome
too little cortisol/glucocorticoids
addisons disease
where is aldosterone produced
adrenal cortex - mineral corticoid
aldosterone activity
reabsorption of Na in kidneys
excretion of k in urine
water retention - regulates blood volume/pressure
removal acid from body
k is
potassium
Na is
sodium
aldosterone production stimulated by
ADCT hormone, angiotensin, high blood k
adosterone inhibited by
low blood k
role of adrenal cortex sex hormones
androgens - only important pre-puberty and post menopause.
insignificant compared to ovaries/testes
adrenal medulla produces
80% adrenaline
20% nor adrenaline
organs affected by adrenaline/noradrenaline
adrenaline - heart
noradrenaline - BVs
action of adrenaline/noradrenaline
increase heart rate/contraction/ = BP blood flow to heart, brain, muscles etc increase metabolism increase blood glucose decrease blood to digestive system and skin dilates pupils & airways
adrenaline stimulated by
exercise, stress, fasting, shock, elevated temp, infection, disease
adrenaline inhibited by
eating, sleeping, calmness
high levels of _ = cushings syndrome/disease
cortisol
difference between cushings syndrome/disease
syndrome any cause
disease adrenal cortex hyperfunction
causes cushings sydrome
steroids meds
pituitary tumour
over active adrenal
signs cushings
moon face, hirsutism, central weight gain depression, insomnia, thin skin easy bruising, reduced immunity, muscular weakness, buffalo hump osteoporosis, insulin resistance hypertension etc
cause of addisons disease
usually autoimmune
occasionally from disease/suddenly stopping steroids
define addisons disease
hypo functioning of adrenal cortex
deficiency of - mineral corticoids - aldosterone
glucocorticoids - cortisol
symptoms addisons disease
bulging eyes, bronzing skin, black freckles
hypotension, weakness, fever, depression
syncope, nausea/vomiting, confusion, etc
gland which is endocrine/exocrine
pancreas
endocrine cells in pancreas
islets of langerhans
alpha, beta, delta cells
3 endocrine hormones produced by pancreas
glucagon - alpha cells
insulin - beta cells
somatostatin/GHRIH - delta cells
main endocrine function of pancreas
regulate blood glucose levels
3 functions insulin
lowers blood glucose
stops breakdown of amino/fatty acids
promotes synthesis of proteins, glycogen and fats
glycogen synthesis known as
glycogenisis
fat synthesis known as
lipogenisis
insulin production stimulated by
high blod glucose, elevated amino acids, eating, sweet taste (artificial sweeteners)
insulin production reduced by
low blood glucose, starvation, glucagon
glucose stored in liver called
glycogen
creation of glucose (mostly in liver) known as
gluconeogenisis
breakdown of glycogen (glucose stored mostly in liver) known as
glycogenolysis
breakdown of fats and lipids known as
lipolysis
3 functions glucagon
raises blood glucose levels
converts glycogen to glucose in liver/skeletal muscle
lipolysis for use in metabolism
glucagon stimulated by
low blood sugar, exercise
glucagon reduced by
insulin, high blood sugar
hypoglycaemia releases
glucagon
GHRIH also known as
somatostatin
somatostatin also produced by
hypothalamus, stomach, intestines
GHRIH inhibits
insulin
glucagon
somatostatin/ghrih stimulated by
low blood sugar, exercise
somatostatin/ghrih inhibited by
insulin, high blood sugar
definition of diabetes
deficiency/absence of insulin
elevated blood glucose - hyperglycaemia
4 types diabetes
autoimmune
insulin resistance
secondary
gestational
cause type 1 diabetes
auto-immune
destruction of pancreatic beta cells
glucose in urine called
glycosuria
frequent urination called
polyuria
abnormal excessive thirst called
polydipsia
symptoms diabetes 1
glycosuria, polyuria, polydipsia - sugar puff wee
dehydration causing weakness, fatigue, mental status changes
weight loss, nausea, vomiting
blurred vision
ketoacidosis
hypotension
tachycardia
fruity breath due to exhaled acetone - pear drops
treatment diabetes 1
insulin
complications diabetes 1
CV disease, neuropathy, retinopathy, high cholesterol, hypertension
cause diabetes 2
insulin resistance genetic link higher in american indians, hispanics, asians obesity, weught gain, lifestyle low birth weight, pregnancy
symptoms diabetes 2
often asymptomatic until v well established then complications present -
eyes, kidneys, neuropathy
pholyphagia definition
increased appetite
what are ketones
acidic, toxic by-products of metabolising fats/proteins for energy when carbs (glucose/glycogen) are depleted OR
when glucose can’t be used as in diabetes
ketoacidosis may cause
seizures, coma and death
symptoms and treatment of diabetic hyperglycaemia
frequent urination, blurred vision, nausea, dehydration, elevated blood glucose, lack of insulin, pear drop breath WATER 999
symptoms and treatment diabetic hypoglycaemia
shaking, sweating, tachycardia, dizziness, anxiety, confusion, too much insulin, low blood glucose, delayed meal, too much exercise, may/may not have fruity breath. SUGAR 999
