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Endocrine system > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

0
Q

Paracrine effect is

A

Hormones which effect cells of the organ where they were released

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1
Q

What are hormones

A

Chemical messengers released into blood from glands which produce them

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2
Q

Autocrine effect is

A

Hormones which effect the same cell type

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3
Q

3 things hormones can be

A

Peptides - protein
Steroids - cholesterol
Amino acid derivatives - protein

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4
Q

4 key differences between autonomic nervous system and a endocrine system

A

NS Rapid change ES slower
NS less precise ES precise
NS shorter duration ES longer

NS neurotransmitters

ES hormones

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5
Q

Adrenaline neurotransmitter or hormone

A

More a NT

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6
Q

Cortisol more hormone or NT

A

Hormone

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7
Q

2 types hormone glands

A

Exocrine

Endocrine

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8
Q

Define exocrine gland

A

EXCRETE into ducts leading to EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
Salivary glands
Sebaceous glands
Mammary glands

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9
Q

Define endocrine gland

A

Ductless

Secrete hormones into BLOOD or nearby target cells/tissues

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10
Q

10 endocrine glands

A 
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Pineal
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal
Pancreatic:islets of langerhans
Thymus
Ovaries
Testes
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11
Q

Adipose tissue
Not gland but has endocrine functionality
Produces

A

Leptin - suppresses food intake

Resistin - blood glucose, inflammation

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12
Q

Heart not gland but endocrine functionality

Produced

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide - blood pressure

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13
Q

Stomach endocrine functionality

Produces

A

Ghrelin gastrin - satiety gastric emptying

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14
Q

Liver produces what hormone

A

Angiotensinogen
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
Thrombopoiten

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15
Q

Hormones placenta produces

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin hCG

Progesterone

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16
Q

Kidneys produce which hormones

A

Erythropoietin (RBC production)

Calcitriol (vit D)

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17
Q

Skin produces what hormone

A

Cholecalciferol (vit D)

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18
Q

What affect does glucose have on BV lining

A

Damages!

Atherosclerosis!

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19
Q

Clue patient has a thyroid problem

A

Feel a thickening round the throat

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20
Q

How do hormones influence the activity of their specific target cells

A

By identifying and binding to specific

RECEPTORS (proteins) within or on the surface of the target cells.

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21
Q

2 hormones produced by Adipose tissue

A

leptin

resistin

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22
Q

role of leptin

A

supreses food intake

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23
Q

role of resistin

A

blood glucose, inflammation

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24
Q

homrone made by heart and function

A

atrial natruretic peptide

blood pressure

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25
Q

3 hormones made by liver

A

angiotensinogen
insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
thrombopoietin - platelet production

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26
Q

2 hormones made by placenta

A

human chorionic gonadotropin hCG,

progesterone

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27
Q

hormone made by skin

A

cholecalciferol

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28
Q

What happens in insulin resistance

A

insulin doesn’t work properly
glucose remains in blood stream instead of getting into cells
free fatty acids & glucose in blood - toxic!

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29
Q

what effect does too much glucose and free fatty acids circulating in the blood have on the body

A

glucose damages BVs, fatty acids oxidise

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30
Q

Define down-regulation

A

too much hormone

target cells reduce no of protein receptors

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31
Q

define up regulation

A

deficiency in hormone

target cells increase no of protein receptors

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32
Q

hympthalamus and pituitary gland control almost entirely

A

growth
development
metabolism
homeostasis

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33
Q

posterier pituitary gland secretes which 2 hormones

A

oxytocin

adh

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34
Q

adh is the key to what

A

blood pressure control

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35
Q

7 hormones sythesized/released by anterior pituitary

A 
growth hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone
follicle stimulating hormone
luteinising hormone
melanocyte stimulating hormone
adrenocorticitropic hormone
prolactin
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36
Q

which AP hormone fertilises the egg

A

luteinizing hormone

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37
Q

which AP hormone becomes the egg

A

follicle stimulating hormone

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38
Q

which AP hormone is precursor for cortisol

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

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39
Q

list 7 releasing/inhibiting hormones secreted by hypothalamus influencing anterior pituitary

A 
growth hormone releasing hormone
growth hormone releasing inhibiting hormone
thyroid releasing hormone
Corticotropin releasing hormone
Prolactin releasing hormone
prolactin inhibiting hormone
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
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40
Q

Which is the only endocrine gland that makes and STORES its hormones

A

thyroid

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41
Q

function follicle stimulating hormone

A

production of eggs/sperm

stimulates oestrogen/testosterone

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42
Q

function of lutenizing hormone

A

stimulates progesterone/testosterone

triggers ovulation

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43
Q

FSH/LH stimulated by

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

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44
Q

FSH/LH inhibited by

A

high levels of other hormones

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45
Q

If a lady is not ovulating which hormone will she be deficient in

A

LH

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46
Q

oxytocin stimulated by

A

nerve impulse from hypothalamus

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47
Q

oxytocine inhibited by

A

nothing POSITIVE FEEDBACK

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48
Q

oxytocin functions

A

contracts uterus/lactating breast

bonding mum and baby

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49
Q

antidiuretic hormone triggered by

A

nerve impulses from hypothalamus in response to increased osmotic pressure/reduced fluid intake

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50
Q

antidiuretic hormone inhibited by

A

raised hormone levels -

also alcohol, reduced osmotic pressure, increased fluid intake

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51
Q

ADH also known as

A

VASOPRESSIN

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52
Q

sodium attracts

A

water

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53
Q

why does alcohol dehydrtae you

A

inhibits production of antidiuretic hormone

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54
Q

actions of ADH

A

reduces urine output - stimulates sodium reabsorption (therefore water too) in kidneys
increases blood pressure via skin/abdominal organ vasoconstriction

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55
Q

what would happen with too little ADH

A

kidneys would excrete too much water

urine volume will increase > dehydration> fall in blood pressure

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56
Q

High Osmotic pressure means

A

Not enough fluid

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57
Q

Low osmotic pressure means

A

too much fluid

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58
Q

diuresis

A

urine production

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59
Q

difference between acromegaly and gigantism

A

acromegaly excess GH after ossification

gigantism excess while bones are still growing

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60
Q

usual cause for excess GH causing acromegaly/gigantism

A

pituitary tumour causing hypersecretion/damage to optic nerve

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61
Q

symptoms acromegaly/gigantism

A

enlarged tongue, fatigue, impotence, joint pain

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62
Q

complications acromegaly/gigantism

A

type 2 diabetes, hypertension, CV disease, arthritis

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63
Q

excess prolactin production

A

hyperprolactinaemia

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64
Q

PCOS

A

polycystic ovary syndrome

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65
Q

galactorrhoea

A

leaky nipples

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66
Q

amenorrhoea

A

no period

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67
Q

oligomenorrhoea

A

frequent periods

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68
Q

causes hyperprolactinaemia

A

pituitary tumour, PCOS, acromegaly, hypothyroidism

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69
Q

symptoms hyperprolactinaemia

A

galactorrhoea
amenorrhoea
oligomenorrhoea
decreased libido

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70
Q

what is ecephalitis

A

inflammation of brain

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71
Q

what is v rare form of diabetes

A

diabetes insipidus

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72
Q

pathophysiology of diabetes insipidus

A

ADH deficiency
kidneys allow over excretion of water from body
extreme thirst/dehydration

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73
Q

symptoms diabetes insipidus

A

extreme thirst/urination

7 litres a day

74
Q

causes diabetes insipidus

A

brain trauma - tumour, encephalitis

75
Q

melatonin made by which neurotransmitter

A

seratonin - made by 5HTP

76
Q

melatonin production stimulated by

A

night darkness

77
Q

melatonin production reduced by

A

daylight, bad sleep patterns, some meds

78
Q

role of melatonin

A

sets circadian rhythm
potent ANTIOXIDANT
poss puberty

79
Q

thymus gland produces

A

thymusin

80
Q

thymus gland does what with age

A

atrophies

81
Q

role of thymusin

A

stimulates development of disease-fighting T Cells

82
Q

the thyroid gland rregulates your

A

metabolism

83
Q

Thyroid follicular cells produce

A

T4 & T3

84
Q

parafollicular cells produce

A

calcitonin (CT)

85
Q

thyroid makes T3 & T4 from

A

Tyrosine

Iodine

86
Q

as body makes 20 times more T4 to T3, what does body use to convert from T4 to T3

A

selenium - 4 brazil buts a day should do it (not chinese)

87
Q

T 4 & T3 are hydrophobic - how do they travel in blood

A

via carrier proteins

thyroxine-binding globulin TBG

88
Q

most docs just measure TSH levels what else should we measure

A

free T4

89
Q

iodine deficiency leads to

A

goiters

90
Q

Thyroxine production stimulated by

A

TSH
stress exercise
low blood glucose
low T3 to T4

91
Q

thyroxine production reduced by

A

low TSH

high T3 to T4

92
Q

Thyroxine activity/functions

A

increases metabolic rate/heat production
essential for normal growth/development
CNS function
affects many other hormones

93
Q

If high T4 why still Hypothyroidism

A

missing cofactors to convert to T3

oidine, tyrosine, B,c, zinc, selenium

94
Q

blood test TSH levels high indicates

A

thyroid failing

95
Q

blood test TSH levels low indicates

A

thyroid functioning normally

96
Q

arthralgia

A

joint pain

97
Q

congenital

A

present from birth

98
Q

5 lab tests for thyroid gland

A 
TSH levels
total T3 & T4
free T3 & T4
Thyroglobulin (tumour marker)
Anti thyroglobulin antibodies ATA (Hashimotos/Graves
99
Q

Hypothyroidism is common in the

A

elderly

100
Q

causes hypothyroidism

A

congenital
hashimotos
iodine definciency
after surgery/meds

101
Q

signs hypothyroidism

A 
tiredness
weight gain
goitre
cold intolerance
mental slowness
puffy around eyes
depression
dry brittle hair/skin/nails
muscle cramps
constipation
loss of eyebrows
deep voice
bradycardia
hypotension
102
Q

hyperthyroidism also known as

A

thyrotoxicosis

103
Q

most common cause of hyperthroidism

A

graves disease - auto-immune

104
Q

other causes hyperthyroidism

A

iodine/thyroid med overdose, tumour, thyroiditis, nodules

105
Q

symptoms hyperthyroidism

A 
nervousness
palpitations
hyperactivity
sweating
heat sensitivity
weight loss
insomnia
frequent bowel movements
tachycardia
palpitations
bulging eyes
106
Q

armpit hypothyroid self test known as

A

barnes temperature test

107
Q

function/activity calcitonin

A

reduces blood calcium
inhibits osteoclast activity
inhibits reabsorption from bone/kidneys

108
Q

calcitonin stimulated by

A

increased blood Ca levels

109
Q

calcitonin inhibited by

A

decreased blood Ca levels

110
Q

parathyroid gland activity

A 
increases blood Ca when low
increases Ca absorption in instestines
increases Ca absorbtion in bone/kidney
increases Osteoclast activity
increases Vit D production
111
Q

parathyroid hormone stimulated by

A

low blood Ca

112
Q

parathyroid hormone inhibited by

A

high blood Ca

113
Q

calcium in blood essential for

A

muscle contraction
nerve transmission
blood clotting

114
Q

Hyperparathyroidism usual cause

A

tumour

115
Q

hypoparathyroidism usual cause

A

surgery/radiation - rare

116
Q

2 parts of adrenal glands

A

inner medulla

outer cortex

117
Q

inner medulla adrenal part of

A

CNS Central nervous system

118
Q

2 hoprmones produced by inner medulla

A

adrenaline (epinephrine)

noradrenalin (norepinephrine0

119
Q

3 groups steroid hormones produced by outer cortex

A

Glucocorticoids - cortisol
mineral corticoids - aldosterone
sex hormones - androgens

120
Q

3 glucocorticoid hormones produced in outer cortex adrenal

A

cortisol - 95%
cortisone
corticosterone

121
Q

name for cortisol when used as medication

A

hydrocortisone

122
Q

activity of glucocorticoids

A

stimulate - gluconeogenisis, proteolysis, lypolysis

supress immune response

123
Q

why are glucocorticoids used as medicine - glucocorticosteroids

A

as suppress immune response -
asthma inhaler
hydrocortisone
corticosteroids

124
Q

glucocorticoid hormones stimulated by

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

125
Q

too much cortisol/glucocorticoids -

A

cushings syndrome

126
Q

too little cortisol/glucocorticoids

A

addisons disease

127
Q

where is aldosterone produced

A

adrenal cortex - mineral corticoid

128
Q

aldosterone activity

A

reabsorption of Na in kidneys
excretion of k in urine
water retention - regulates blood volume/pressure
removal acid from body

129
Q

k is

A

potassium

130
Q

Na is

A

sodium

131
Q

aldosterone production stimulated by

A

ADCT hormone, angiotensin, high blood k

132
Q

adosterone inhibited by

A

low blood k

133
Q

role of adrenal cortex sex hormones

A

androgens - only important pre-puberty and post menopause.

insignificant compared to ovaries/testes

134
Q

adrenal medulla produces

A

80% adrenaline

20% nor adrenaline

135
Q

organs affected by adrenaline/noradrenaline

A

adrenaline - heart

noradrenaline - BVs

136
Q

action of adrenaline/noradrenaline

A 
increase heart rate/contraction/ = BP
blood flow to heart, brain, muscles etc
increase metabolism
increase blood glucose
decrease blood to digestive system and skin
dilates pupils & airways
137
Q

adrenaline stimulated by

A

exercise, stress, fasting, shock, elevated temp, infection, disease

138
Q

adrenaline inhibited by

A

eating, sleeping, calmness

139
Q

high levels of _ = cushings syndrome/disease

A

cortisol

140
Q

difference between cushings syndrome/disease

A

syndrome any cause

disease adrenal cortex hyperfunction

141
Q

causes cushings sydrome

A

steroids meds
pituitary tumour
over active adrenal

142
Q

signs cushings

A 
moon face, hirsutism, central weight gain
depression, insomnia, thin skin
easy bruising, reduced immunity, 
muscular weakness, buffalo hump
osteoporosis, insulin resistance
hypertension etc
143
Q

cause of addisons disease

A

usually autoimmune

occasionally from disease/suddenly stopping steroids

144
Q

define addisons disease

A

hypo functioning of adrenal cortex
deficiency of - mineral corticoids - aldosterone
glucocorticoids - cortisol

145
Q

symptoms addisons disease

A

bulging eyes, bronzing skin, black freckles
hypotension, weakness, fever, depression
syncope, nausea/vomiting, confusion, etc

146
Q

gland which is endocrine/exocrine

A

pancreas

147
Q

endocrine cells in pancreas

A

islets of langerhans

alpha, beta, delta cells

148
Q

3 endocrine hormones produced by pancreas

A

glucagon - alpha cells
insulin - beta cells
somatostatin/GHRIH - delta cells

149
Q

main endocrine function of pancreas

A

regulate blood glucose levels

150
Q

3 functions insulin

A

lowers blood glucose
stops breakdown of amino/fatty acids
promotes synthesis of proteins, glycogen and fats

151
Q

glycogen synthesis known as

A

glycogenisis

152
Q

fat synthesis known as

A

lipogenisis

153
Q

insulin production stimulated by

A

high blod glucose, elevated amino acids, eating, sweet taste (artificial sweeteners)

154
Q

insulin production reduced by

A

low blood glucose, starvation, glucagon

155
Q

glucose stored in liver called

A

glycogen

156
Q

creation of glucose (mostly in liver) known as

A

gluconeogenisis

157
Q

breakdown of glycogen (glucose stored mostly in liver) known as

A

glycogenolysis

158
Q

breakdown of fats and lipids known as

A

lipolysis

159
Q

3 functions glucagon

A

raises blood glucose levels
converts glycogen to glucose in liver/skeletal muscle
lipolysis for use in metabolism

160
Q

glucagon stimulated by

A

low blood sugar, exercise

161
Q

glucagon reduced by

A

insulin, high blood sugar

162
Q

hypoglycaemia releases

A

glucagon

163
Q

GHRIH also known as

A

somatostatin

164
Q

somatostatin also produced by

A

hypothalamus, stomach, intestines

165
Q

GHRIH inhibits

A

insulin

glucagon

166
Q

somatostatin/ghrih stimulated by

A

low blood sugar, exercise

167
Q

somatostatin/ghrih inhibited by

A

insulin, high blood sugar

168
Q

definition of diabetes

A

deficiency/absence of insulin

elevated blood glucose - hyperglycaemia

169
Q

4 types diabetes

A

autoimmune
insulin resistance
secondary
gestational

170
Q

cause type 1 diabetes

A

auto-immune

destruction of pancreatic beta cells

171
Q

glucose in urine called

A

glycosuria

172
Q

frequent urination called

A

polyuria

173
Q

abnormal excessive thirst called

A

polydipsia

174
Q

symptoms diabetes 1

A

glycosuria, polyuria, polydipsia - sugar puff wee
dehydration causing weakness, fatigue, mental status changes
weight loss, nausea, vomiting
blurred vision
ketoacidosis
hypotension
tachycardia
fruity breath due to exhaled acetone - pear drops

175
Q

treatment diabetes 1

A

insulin

176
Q

complications diabetes 1

A

CV disease, neuropathy, retinopathy, high cholesterol, hypertension

177
Q

cause diabetes 2

A 
insulin resistance
genetic link
higher in american indians, hispanics, asians
obesity, weught gain, lifestyle
low birth weight, pregnancy
178
Q

symptoms diabetes 2

A

often asymptomatic until v well established then complications present -
eyes, kidneys, neuropathy

179
Q

pholyphagia definition

A

increased appetite

180
Q

what are ketones

A

acidic, toxic by-products of metabolising fats/proteins for energy when carbs (glucose/glycogen) are depleted OR
when glucose can’t be used as in diabetes

181
Q

ketoacidosis may cause

A

seizures, coma and death

182
Q

symptoms and treatment of diabetic hyperglycaemia

A

frequent urination, blurred vision, nausea, dehydration, elevated blood glucose, lack of insulin, pear drop breath WATER 999

183
Q

symptoms and treatment diabetic hypoglycaemia

A

shaking, sweating, tachycardia, dizziness, anxiety, confusion, too much insulin, low blood glucose, delayed meal, too much exercise, may/may not have fruity breath. SUGAR 999

Endocrine system (6 decks)

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