Endocrine System-3

Question 1

Endocrine function

Answer 1

• islets of langerhans
• hormones insulin and glucagon
• 1% or pancreas

Question 2

Exocrine function

Answer 2

• pancreatic acini cells
• enzymes for digestion (pancreatic amylase for example)
• 99% of pancreas

Question 3

What cells make glucagon and what does it to do blood sugar levels?

Answer 3

Alpha cells

Glucagon raises blood sugar levels by breaking down glycogen in the liver

Question 4

What cells make insulin and what do they do for blood sugar levels?

Answer 4

Beta cells

Lowers blood sugar levels by
1) increasing glucose uptake by tissues all over the body

2) increasing glycogen synthesis by liver and skeletal muscle

Question 5

What is the function of insulin

Answer 5

To get glucose into cells

Question 6

Where do most of the cells of the body have insulin receptors?

Answer 6

The membrane surface

Question 7

Cells that have receptors are called

Answer 7

Insulin dependent cells

Question 8

What are insulin independent cells and give some examples

Answer 8

They are cells that lack receptors

Examples:
Brain
Kidney
RBCs
GIT tract cells

Question 9

What is type I diabetes called?

Answer 9

Type I- insulin dependent diabetes

Loss of beta cells in pancreas leading to decreased production of insulin

Most cases are caused to an autoimmune disorder (immune system attacks beta cells)

Treatment: insulin shots or pump

Question 10

What is type II diabetes?

Answer 10

Type II- non-insulin dependent

Insulin receptors do not respond to insulin secreted by pancreas

Treatment: diet change, weight loss, medications

90% of all cases in the USA are type II

Question 11

What is gestational diabetes?

Answer 11

Most often resembles type II diabetes

Occurs in 2-5% of all pregnancies

Usually disappears after delivery

Treatment: diet changes, medications

Question 12

Symptoms of diabetes

Answer 12

1) high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia)
2) glucose in urine (gluconuria)
3) frequent urination (polyuria)
4) frequent thirst (polydipsia)
5) hunger (polyphagia)
6) weight loss

Question 13

What happens when diabetes is NOT treated and blood sugar levels remain high?

Answer 13

• The pH of blood becomes more acidic as the body cannot use glucose for a fuel and blood fatty acid levels increase
• abnormal blood vessels/aneurysm and hemorrhage of blood vessels in the back of the eye
• diabetic neuropathy
• diabetic ulcers develop when poor circulation increases healing time
• pieces of plaque can break free, travel to the brain and block blood vessels that supply blood to the brain

Question 14

What does metabolic acidosis lead to

Answer 14

Hyperventilation