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LS12 - Life Sciences > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

0
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Secrete hormones into blood vessels that then transport these to target organs

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1
Q

Secretions

A
  • A useful substance or fluid produced by cells and released to to the surrounding medium.
  • E.g. Sweat, enzymes and hormones
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2
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Glands with ducts to carry secretions to places where they are required

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3
Q

The endocrine system

A
  • A system consisting of various endocrine glands releasing hormones
  • which act as chemical messengers targeting specific organs
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4
Q

Name at least 5 major glands making up the endocrine system

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary
  • Thyroid
  • Thymus
  • Pancreas
  • Adrenal
  • Testes
  • Ovaries
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5
Q

Functions of hormones

A
  • Regulate secretions from endocrine or exocrine glands
  • control growth and development of the body
  • maintain homeostasis
  • regulate metabolism and energy release
  • react to stimuli in emergency situations
  • control reproduction process
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6
Q

When hormones act together for a common effect

A

Synergistic hormones

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7
Q

When hormones act against each other or the effect of one cancels out the effect of the other

A

Antagonistic hormones

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8
Q

Over secretion of hormones

A

Hyper secretion

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9
Q

Under secretion of hormones

A

Hypo secretion

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10
Q

The role of the hypothalamus

A
  • Part of the brain that links the nervous and endocrine systems
  • maintains homeostasis
  • controls other glands
  • particularly involved with pituitary gland function
  • produces ADH (secreted by pituitary)
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11
Q

The role of the pituitary gland (hypophysis)

A
  • Referred to sometimes as the master gland
  • Releases hormones that control metabolic functions and many other endocrine glands
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12
Q

Five hormones secreted by pituitary

A
  • Growth hormone GH (growth)
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH (thyroid to produce thyroxin)
  • Follicle stimulating hormone FSH (ovary or testes function)
  • Lutenising hormone LH (ovary or testes function)
  • prolactin (mammary gland function)
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15
Q

Thyroid gland function

A

Pituitary gland releases thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Thyroid stimulated to produce thyroxin:

  • controls basic metabolic rate of cells
  • increases nervous system activity
  • increases cardiac output
  • affects mental and physical growth and sexuality
  • affects alimentary system
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16
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Over-secretion of thyroxin

Graves’ disease:

  • Increased metabolic rate
  • nervousness
  • weight loss
  • rapid heart rate
  • shaky, sweaty and hyperactivity
  • goitres causing bulging eyes
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17
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Under secretion of thyroxin:

cretinism in children:

  • low metabolic rate
  • retarded growth and mental development,
  • thick skin and protruding tongue
  • retarded sexual development

myxoedema in adults:

  • feel cold,
  • gain weight,
  • thick skin,
  • slow mentally and physically
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18
Q

Structure of the pancreas

A

Exocrine gland (digestive juices) Endocrine gland (islets of Lagerhans): -alpha cells secrete glucagon -beta cells secrete insulin

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19
Q

Role of insulin and glucagon

A

Antagonistic hormones - negative feedback interaction. Hypothalamus detects if blood sugar too high Insulin secretion increased and more glucose converted to glycogen Hypothalamus detects if blood sugar too low Glucagon secretion increased and more glycogen converted to glucose

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20
Q

Diabetes

A

-Not enough insulin produced resulting in elevated blood glucose levels -Extra glucose is excreted by the kidneys -Diabetics need to control intake of carbohydrates and may need daily insulin

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21
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Life long condition Pancreas does not produce enough insulin Daily use of insulin required

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22
Q

Type-2 diabetes

A

-Body cells become resistant to insulin or pancreas makes insufficient insulin -Can be triggered by obesity and lack of physical fitness -treatment varies according to the specific nature of the disease e.g. daily insulin

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23
Q

The function of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

A

-Regulates water content and body temperature -Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus detect if concentration of solutes in the blood high. -The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to release ADH -ADH increases permeability of distal convoluted tubule of the nephron -more water is reabsorbed, less water in urine -a lower concentration of solutes in the blood inhibits secretion of ADH -permeability of the distal convoluted tubules decreases -less water reabsorbed, more water in urine

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24
Q

Location of the adrenal glands

A

One above each kidney

25
Q

Hormones produced by the adrenal glands

A

Aldosterone Adrenaline

26
Q

Function of aldosterone

A

Aldosterone targets nephrons in kidney. Increases reabsorption of sodium (salt balance in blood) which also affects water movement by osmosis. Together with ADH it brings about water balance in the body.

27
Q

If the sodium level is too high in the blood…

A

Less aldosterone secreted Less sodium ions reabsorbed by blood More sodium ions excreted Sodium levels decrease

28
Q

Over secretion of aldosterone results in…

A

Too much salt in the blood Water retained resulting in odema (swelling) in the tissues

29
Q

Function of adrenaline

A

Prepares the body to cope with emergency or stress Also known as fight or flight hormone: -increases breathing rate -speeds conversion of glycogen into glucose -accelerates heart rate and blood pressure -increases blood flow to muscles and brain by dilation of vessels -reduces blood flow to digestive system and skin by constriction of vessels -increased metabolism in brain and muscles -increased muscle tone and sweating -stimulates release of cortisone -pupils dilate

30
Q

Hormone produced by testes

A

Testosterone

31
Q

Hormones produced by ovaries

A

Oestrogen (from Graafian follicle) Progesterone (from corpus luteum)

32
Q

Function of testosterone

A

-Development of male secondary characteristics -develops and maintains reproductive organs -sperm production -increased red blood cells at puberty -increased height

33
Q

Function of oestrogen

A

-Develops and maintains female secondary sexual characteristics -develops and maintains reproductive organs -at puberty increases physical growth

34
Q

Effect of hypo (under) secretion of testosterone

A

Sterility Addison’s disease

35
Q

Effect of hyper (over) secretion of testosterone

A

Increased masculinity, rate of growth and metabolism Called virilisation

36
Q

Effect of hypo (under) secretion of oestorogen and progesterone

A

Addison’s disease

37
Q

Effect of hyper (over) secretion of oestrogen and progesterone

A

Irregular ovulation Softening of bones Unusual uterus development

38
Q

Positive feedback mechanisms in the endocrine system

A

Mechanisms that cause continued or increased secretion.

39
Q

Negative feedback mechanisms in the endocrine system

A

Mechanisms that make adjustments to bring the body back within an acceptable range. When too high, the gland secreting it reduces secretion and when too low, it increases secretion.

40
Q

Negative feedback of thyroxin levels

A

-when thyroxin level too low -pituitary is stimulated to secrete more TSH -more TSH causes thyroid gland to secrete more thyroxin -thyroxin levels raised -when thyroxin level too high -pituitary is inhibited from secreting TSH -less TSH causes thyroid gland to secrete less thyroxin -thyroxin levels decreased.

41
Q

Hypo- (under) and hyper- (over) secretion of growth hormone (GH)

A

Hypo: dwarfism Hyper: giganitism in children, acromegaly in adults

42
Q

Hypo- (under) and hyper- (over) secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Hypo: cretinism in children, myxoedema in adults Hyper: Grave’s disease

43
Q

Hypo- (under) and hyper- (over) secretion of prolactin

A

Hypo: no milk secretion Hyper: excess milk secretion

44
Q

Hypo- (under) and hyper- (over) secretion of adreno-cortico tropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Hypo: under-secretion of adrenalin and aldosterone Hyper: over-secretion of adrenaline and aldosterone

45
Q

Hypo- (under) and hyper- (over) secretion of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Hypo: diabetes insipidus Hyper: excessive water retention

46
Q

Usual cause of goitre and cretinism

A

Lack of iodine in the diet Thyroid gland needs iodine to make thyroxin If there is not enough iodine the thyroid grows larger (goitre) and during pregnancy the foetus may not develop properly

47
Q

chemical coordination

A

The type of control and coordination brought about by hormones in the blood

48
Q

endocrine glands

A

ductless glands that release their secretions directly into the bloodstream, which transports them to the target organs

49
Q

exocrine glands

A

glands that release their secretions via ducts to a body cavity or to the exterior

50
Q

Master gland at the base of the brain, attached by a short stalk to the hypothalamus

A

hypophysis/pituitary

51
Q

The part of the brain that secretes releasing factors to control the hormone secretions of the hypophysis/pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

52
Q

The hormone, and where it is secreted from, that stimulates the thyroid to secrete the hormone thyroxin

A

TSH/thyroid-stimulating hormone secreted by the hypophysis/pituitary gland

53
Q

The hormone, and where it is secreted from, that promotes the growth of the skeleton and muscles by stimulating the synthesis of proteins

A

STH/growth hormone secreted by the hypophysis/pituitary gland

54
Q

Growth disorder in children caused by an under-secretion/hyposecretion of growth hormone

A

Dwarfism

55
Q

Growth disorder in children caused by an over-secretion/hypersecretion of growth hormone

A

Gigantism

56
Q

Growth disorder in adults caused by an over-secretion/hypersecretion of growth hormone and the symptoms

A

Acromegaly Enlarged bones of the face (especially jawbone), hands and feet.

LS12 - Life Sciences (33 decks)

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