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Bio 139 Test 5 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Endocrine System Functions (4)

A

1) Communication 2) Homeostasis 3) Function by releasing chemical messengers(hormones) into BLOOD 4) works closely with nervous system(neuroendocrine system

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2
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messenger released by Glands into BLOOD and bind receptors on TARGET cells (very specific)

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3
Q

3 General Stimulation mechanisms

A

1) Neural (stim by autonomic neurons) 2) Hormonal 3) Humoral( stim by substances (glucose; ion ect)

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4
Q

2 Main Types of Hormones

A

1) Peptide (made from amino acids/proteins 2) Steroid (made from fat/ lipids

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5
Q

Stimulate DNA in nucleus (steps)

A

Steroid and thyroid hormones(lipids) 1: diffuse through the cell membrane(lipid bilayer) 2) bind receptors in cytoplasm or nucleus 3) stimulates protein synthesis by accessing DNA 4) New proteins cause response

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6
Q

Activate 2nd Messenger

A

Most peptide hormones: 1) Bind receptor on cell membrane 2) activates G protein thus activating 2nd messenger activating ENZYME causing a response (Cyclic-AMP - most common)

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7
Q

Negative Vs Positive feedback loops

A

Negative Feedback most common stop release in a given window(thermostat) Positive stimulation causes to make more and more. Aka Breast feeding

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8
Q

Hypothalamus (4)

A

1) Control center for Endocrine System 2) Releases regulatory hormones to ANTERIOR pituitary gland 3) Produces Oxytocin and ADH to be stored in POSTERIOR Pituitary 4) Regulates ANS(adrenal medulla)

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9
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Has Anterior and Posterior Portion 2) connected to hypothalamus via infundibulum 3) sella turcica

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10
Q

Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

A

1) Controlled by hypothalamus(releasing/inhibiting hormones) 2) Hypothalamus hypophyseal portal system

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11
Q

What connects hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland

A

Blood Vascular

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12
Q

What connects hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland

A

Neurons

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13
Q

7 Major hormone in Anterior Pituitary(adenohypophysis)

A

1) Growth hormones 2) Thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH) 3) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) 4) Prolactin 5) Follicle -stimulating Hormone(FSH) 6) Luteinizing hormone(LH) 7) Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

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14
Q

Growth hormone(GH)

A

Found in Anterior Pituitary ; Aka Somatotropin; stimulates cell growth and division; stimulates LIVER to secrete insulin like growth factors(IGFs); somatomedin

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15
Q

Thyroid stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

In the ANT Pituitary stimulates the release of hormones from thyroid gland

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16
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

IN the ANT pituitary; Stim release of hormones from adrenal cortex

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17
Q

Prolactin

A

In ANT pituitary; Stimulates milk production & mammary gland growth

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18
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

In ANT Pituitary; Follicle development & estrogen release from ovaries; Sperm production in testes

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19
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

In ANT Pituitary; Stim estrogen release from ovaries & OVULATION Stim testosterone release from testes

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20
Q

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

In ANT Pituitary; Stim rate of melanin release(pigment)

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21
Q

Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

A

1) Neurosecretory cells in hypothalamus; Hypothalamo-hypophyseal TRACT(bundle of neuron in CNS)

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22
Q

Which Hormones does the Posterior pituitary contain?

A

Antidiuretic Hormone(ADH) and Oxytocin

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23
Q

What does the paraventricular nucleus make?

A

Oxytocin

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24
Q

What does the Supraoptic nucleus make

A

Antidiuretic Hormone(ADH; Vasopressin)

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25
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone(ADH)

A

Made by the supraorbital nucleus; water retention

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26
Q

Oxytocin Made and do in male vs females

A

Made in the paraventricular nucleus; Females; contraction o uterus during labor(positive feedback) milk ejection Males: Prostate gland secretion

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27
Q

Isthmus

A

Crossbar of the Thyroid gland connects lobes

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28
Q

Parts of the Thyroid Gland

A

1) Follicular cells 2) Parafollicular cells 3)

29
Q

Follicular cells

A

In Thyroid Gland; Form follicle (make thyroid hormones) 2) secrete triiodothyronine(T3) and thyroxin (t4) - increase metabolic rate and temperature

30
Q

Parafollicular cells

A

Produce Calcitonin; decreases blood calcium by Moving calcium to Astroblast

31
Q

Thyroid Hormones

A

Triiodothyronine(T3) and Thyroxine T4

32
Q

How does Calcitonin decrease calcium in blood

A

1) move calcium to Astroblast 2) Kidneys excrete more 3) Intestines absorb less

33
Q

Parathyroid Glands

A

1) Chief (Principal) cells 2) Oxyphiles cells 3) 4 of them

34
Q

Chief principle cells secrete

A

parathyroid hormone when INCREASE blood calcium(osteoclast’s)

35
Q

Adrenal glands location and parts

A

Located above kidneys and has a cortex and medulla(looks like a triangle)

36
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

Synthesizes steroid hormones

37
Q

3 Regions of the adrenal cortex(outside to in)

A

1) Zona Glomerulosa 2) Zona fasciculata 3) Zona reticularis

38
Q

Zone glomerulosa

A

Class of hormones Mineralocorticoids; Aldosterone Hormone(make you retain fluid)

39
Q

Zona fasciculata

A

Class of hormones Glucocorticoids; Cortisol Hormone (helps maintain blood glucose levels by stimulates the breakdown of proteins)

40
Q

Cortisol Hormone

A

In adrenal gland; Helps maintain blood glucose levels by stimulates the breakdown of proteins) and Stress related hormone (fat storage)

41
Q

What does Zona reticularis in the Adrenal gland release

A

DHEA precusory to sex hormones. (testostrogen and estrogen)

42
Q

Adrenal Glands Medulla (3)

A

1) Medulla secretes catecholamines 2) Chromaffin cells innervated by sympathetic axons 3)Releases Epinephrine & norepinephrine

43
Q

Pancreas

A

Endocrine and exocrine functions Endocrine: Islet of Langerhans(2) Alpha and Beta

44
Q

Islets of Langerhans (cells and function)

A

1) Alpha (glucagon- INCREASE blood glucose) 2) Beta (insulin - decreases blood glucose)(transport ion)

45
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Posterior Epithalamus 2) Secretes melatonin - Regulates circadian rhythms

46
Q

Thymus

A

Superior to heart 2) immune function 3) Stimulates growth in T-Lymphocytes (more in kids)

47
Q

Ovaries hormones

A

Release Estrogen and progesterone\

48
Q

Estrogen Hormone

A

Female secondary sex characteristics; follicular development; fat deposition in thighs

49
Q

Progesterone

A

Important in menstrual cycle

50
Q

Testes produces?

A

Testosterone; male secondary sex characteristics; stimulate protein synthesis(like steroids)

51
Q

Kidneys Secretes

A

Calcitriol; ERTHROPOIETIN; Renin

52
Q

Calcitriol

A

In kidneys; stimulates Ca and phosphate uptake in small intestine

53
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Stimulate RBC production( Tour de France cyclists to increase o2 cap)

54
Q

Heart Releases

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide

55
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide

A

IN heart; stimulates water and sodium excretion

56
Q

Thyroid Disorders

A

Graves; Hypothyroidism; Goiters can occur

57
Q

Graves Disease

A

Bulging eyeballs(to much thyroid)

58
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

To little thyroid (heavy hard time losing weight; colder)

59
Q

Goiters

A

Neck swelling from thyroid hypothyroidism from lake of iodine in diet

60
Q

Growth Hormones disorders

A

1) Acromegaly 2) Gigantism 3) Pituitary Dwarfism

61
Q

Acromegaly

A

To much growth hormone as an adult( larger face and hands)

62
Q

Gigantism

A

Excess GH in Childhood( muscle weak for size)

63
Q

Pituitary Dwarfism

A

Insufficient GH

64
Q

Cortisol Hormone Disorders

A

Cushing disease; Addison disease

65
Q

Cushing disease

A

Too much cortisol ( central obesity; moonfaced; buffalo hump)

66
Q

Addison disease

A

Too little cortisol( Fatigue weakness weight loss)(JF Kennedy)

67
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

Fasting blood >= 126 mg/dl; Pre diabetes 100-125 mg/dl

68
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

Autoimmune disease; beta cells destroyed; insufficient insulin production from pancreas

69
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A

Insulin resistance/ insufficient insulin( can be cured with diet and exercise)

Bio 139 Test 5 (6 decks)

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