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Medical Terminology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

"”Master Gland””: Two parts (neurohypophysis [posterior], adenohypophysis [anterior])

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2
Q

Pituitary Gland location

A

Hangs from hypothalmus, protected by sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

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3
Q

Posterior pituitary gland (Neurohypophysis)

A

Stores ADH (vasopressin) and Oxytocin, releases when neural impulses arrive from hypothalamus. Hypothalamus produces neurohypophyseal hormones and transports them for storage in the posterior pituitary.

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4
Q

Anterior pituitary gland (Adenohypophysis)

A

Produces GH, TSH, ACTH, prolactin, FSH, LH, and other releasing hormones. Larger than posterior lobe. Only lobe to produce hormones (posterior only STORES hormones from hypothalamus)

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5
Q

ADH

A

Antidiuretic hormone, or “Vasopressin”, maintains BP by reabsorption of water by kidney tubules and vasoconstriction

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6
Q

Oxytocin

A

Stimulates contraction of uterus and release of milk. Fx by way of positive feedback loops. Produced in hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary.

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7
Q

Hormone

A

Chemical substance secreted by a gland into the BLOODSTREAM that controls another gland or body system (“target”).

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8
Q

Diuresis

A

Increased or excessive formation of urine

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9
Q

Amines

A

Variations of thyrosine, include thyroxin, epi, and nor-epi

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10
Q

Proteins

A

Chains of amino acids, insulin, growth hormone, and calcitonin

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11
Q

Steroids

A

Made of cholesterol, cortisol, aoldosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone. Lipid-soluble.

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12
Q

Most hormones work on this feedback mechanism

A

Negative feedback mechanism (Oxytocin is an exception, and in cases of BP regulation)

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13
Q

What do endocrine glands respond to?

A

Blood level changes or other hormones present in the blood stream

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14
Q

Hypothalmus

A

Produce Oxytocin and ADH/vasopressin.

Releasing hormones for anterior pituitary

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15
Q

Pineal Gland

A

aka “Epiphysis”

Produces Melatonin

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16
Q

Thymus Gland

A

T-cell maturation

Huge when we’re born and gets smaller with age

Anterior superior mediastinum: in front of heart and behind sternum

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17
Q

Pancreas

A

**Insulin: **secreted by beta cells in re: high blood sugar; fx to decrease blood sugar

**Glucagon: **secreted by alpha cells in re: low blood sugar; fx to increase blood sugar

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18
Q

Ovaries

A

Estrogen, progesterone, and Inhibin

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19
Q

Reabsorption

A

"”Put it back in the blood stream””

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20
Q

Parathyroid Glands

A

PTH: parathyroid hormone can increase calcium in blood stream. They are found behind the thyroid, pea shaped and can have 3-6 other them.

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21
Q

Adrenal (suprarenal) Glands

A

Cortex: Aldosterone, cortisol, sex hormones

Medulla: Epi and Nor-epi

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22
Q

Testes

A

Testosterone, Inhibin

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23
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A

Produced in anterior pituitary, often in Re: to biological stress

Increases secretion of cortisol by the adrenal glands

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24
Q

T3 and T4

A

Triiodothyronine and Thyroxin: Increase energy production and rate of protein synthesis

Thryroid hormones

Regulation of metabolism

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25
Q

GH

A

Growth Hormone: Increases mitosis, amino acid transport into cell, protein synthesis, and use of fats for energy

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26
Q

Thyroid Gland location

A

Front and sides of trachea, the two lobes are connected by isthmus (bridge across trachea)

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27
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

Produces T3, T4, and calcitonin (regulates calcium when calcium level too high ““calcitone it down””)

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28
Q

Another name for a tumor

A

Neoplasm

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29
Q

Graves Disease

A

Hyperthyroidism: Abnormal thyroid stimulating mechanism, increased iodide uptake, thyroid metabolism, growth, and secretion of hormone

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30
Q

Thyrotoxic Crisis (thyroid storm)

A

worsening of a thyrotoxic state, possible death within 48 hours (no way to stop thyroid from releasing hormone, we can only sedate them)

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31
Q

The hormone that lowers blood glucose level by enabling cells to take glucose in

A

Insulin

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32
Q

The hormone that increases the rate of cell division

A

Growth Hormone

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33
Q

Pancreas

A

Endocrine functions: islets of langerhans have three types of cells; Alpha (glucagon), Beta (insulin), and Delta

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34
Q

Alpha Cells in Pancreas

A

Produce Glucagon

35
Q

Beta Cells in Pancreas

A

Produce Insulin

36
Q

Delta Cells in Pancreas

A

Somatostatin (growth hormone inhibiting hormone)

37
Q

The two hormones that regulate blood calcium level

A

Parathyroid Hormone and calcitonin

38
Q

The hormone that intiates egg or sperm production

A

FSH

39
Q

In men, the hormone necessary for maturation of sperm

A

Testosterone

40
Q

In women, the hormone that causes ovulation

A

LH

41
Q

Two hormones that cause the liver to change glycogen to glucose

A

glucagon and epinephrine

42
Q

The hormones that increase protein synthesis and the use of all 3 food types for energy

A

Thyroxine

43
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

ALOC first sign because brain is most sensitive to lack of glucose, signs of shock and eventual cellular death

44
Q

The hormone that slows peristalsis and dilates the bronchioles

A

Epinephrine

45
Q

The hormone that has an anti-inflammatory affect

A

Cortisol

46
Q

The hormone that increases water reabsorption by the kidneys

A

ADH

47
Q

The hormone that increases calcium reabsorption by the kidneys

A

PTH

INCREASES blood calcium (alternatively, calcitonin DECREASES blood calcium)

48
Q

The Hormone that increases sodium reabsorption by the kidneys

A

Aldosterone

Regulates blood pressure, produced by adrenal gland cortex

49
Q

In women, two hormones that promote growth of blood vessels in the endometrium

A

estrogen and progesterone

50
Q

In women, the hormone that promotes growth of the corpus luteum

A

LH

51
Q

The hormone that stimulates milk production in the mammary glands

A

prolactin (produced in pituitary gland, myometrium, prostate, WBCs)

52
Q

The hormone that causes strong contractions of the uterus during labor

A

oxytocin

53
Q

The hormone that increases the use of fats and excess amino acids for energy while sparing glucose for use by the brain

A

cortisol

54
Q

Two hormones that help maintain BP by maintaining normal blood volume

A

ADH and aldosterone

55
Q

Localized hormones that are synthesized from the phospholipids of cell membranes (NOT by a gland)

A

prostaglandins

56
Q

Glucagon

A

Does not add sugar, gluconeogenesis: stimulates the body to break down fats/etc to get glucose from other places in the body, works for a short period of time but builds up acid and the patient still needs glucose.

57
Q

Glucose cellular uptake WITHOUT insulin

A

1/10 as effective

58
Q

Steroid hormones are believed to exert their effect by stimulating the synthesis of:

A

Proteins

59
Q

The two-messenger mechanism of hormone action describes the action of:

A

protein hormones

60
Q

The hormone produced by the ovaries or testes that inhibits the secretion of FSH

A

Inhibin

61
Q

The hormone that brings about sleep

A

melatonin

62
Q

Aldosterone

A

Secretes potassium

Conserves sodium

Increased water retention

Increased blood pressure

63
Q

The secretion of insulin in response to fluctuating blood glucose levels is a __________feedback mechanism

A

Negative feedback mechanism

64
Q

Secretion of the hormones of anterior pituitary gland is regulated by:

A

Hypothalamus

65
Q

The stimulus for secretion of glucagon

A

hypoglycemia

66
Q

The functions of epinephrine are very similar to the functions of:

A

The sympathetic nervous system

67
Q

The stimulus for the secretion of aldosterone

A

low blood sodium level

68
Q

Type II DM

A

Fixed number of insulin receptors get rid of them two ways, damage exceeds supply (get fat or pregnant) or wear out (with age or from excessive consumption = can’t keep up with demand)

69
Q

DKA Tx

A

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

ABCs, intubation, fluid boluses (1-2 liters), cardiac monitoring (hyperkelemia)

70
Q

HONK

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic non-ketotic coma

A

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic non-ketotic coma- when the body does not kick in gluconeogenesis

71
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Catacholomines: Epi and Nor-epi

72
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

Aldosterone, cortisol, sex hormones

73
Q

ADH

A

causes vasoconstriction and water reabsorption (fluid back into blood stream)

74
Q

Adrenal glands

A

on top of kidneys

75
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

**Mineralcorticoids: **aldosterone, regulate salt and water balance

Glucocorticoids: cortisol, mediate stress response

76
Q

Overheating

A

hyperthyroidism

77
Q

Infection or autoimmune of pancreas

A

type I DM

78
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A

In the pancreas, make alpha, beta, and delta cells

79
Q

Kussmaul breathing

A

Hyperglycemia

Kussmaul breathing is a deep and labored breathing pattern often associated with severe metabolic acidosis, particularly diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) but also renal failure.

80
Q

Respiratory depression

A

hypoglycemia

81
Q

Glucagon

A

Is a hormone and also a beta blocker (antidote for beta blocker overdose and calcium channel blocker overdose)

82
Q

15mils of D50

A

25 grams of sugar

83
Q
A

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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