Endocrine System Flashcards
Pituitary Gland
"”Master Gland””: Two parts (neurohypophysis [posterior], adenohypophysis [anterior])
Pituitary Gland location
Hangs from hypothalmus, protected by sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
Posterior pituitary gland (Neurohypophysis)
Stores ADH (vasopressin) and Oxytocin, releases when neural impulses arrive from hypothalamus. Hypothalamus produces neurohypophyseal hormones and transports them for storage in the posterior pituitary.
Anterior pituitary gland (Adenohypophysis)
Produces GH, TSH, ACTH, prolactin, FSH, LH, and other releasing hormones. Larger than posterior lobe. Only lobe to produce hormones (posterior only STORES hormones from hypothalamus)
ADH
Antidiuretic hormone, or “Vasopressin”, maintains BP by reabsorption of water by kidney tubules and vasoconstriction
Oxytocin
Stimulates contraction of uterus and release of milk. Fx by way of positive feedback loops. Produced in hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary.
Hormone
Chemical substance secreted by a gland into the BLOODSTREAM that controls another gland or body system (“target”).
Diuresis
Increased or excessive formation of urine
Amines
Variations of thyrosine, include thyroxin, epi, and nor-epi
Proteins
Chains of amino acids, insulin, growth hormone, and calcitonin
Steroids
Made of cholesterol, cortisol, aoldosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone. Lipid-soluble.
Most hormones work on this feedback mechanism
Negative feedback mechanism (Oxytocin is an exception, and in cases of BP regulation)
What do endocrine glands respond to?
Blood level changes or other hormones present in the blood stream
Hypothalmus
Produce Oxytocin and ADH/vasopressin.
Releasing hormones for anterior pituitary
Pineal Gland
aka “Epiphysis”
Produces Melatonin
Thymus Gland
T-cell maturation
Huge when we’re born and gets smaller with age
Anterior superior mediastinum: in front of heart and behind sternum
Pancreas
**Insulin: **secreted by beta cells in re: high blood sugar; fx to decrease blood sugar
**Glucagon: **secreted by alpha cells in re: low blood sugar; fx to increase blood sugar
Ovaries
Estrogen, progesterone, and Inhibin
Reabsorption
"”Put it back in the blood stream””
Parathyroid Glands
PTH: parathyroid hormone can increase calcium in blood stream. They are found behind the thyroid, pea shaped and can have 3-6 other them.
Adrenal (suprarenal) Glands
Cortex: Aldosterone, cortisol, sex hormones
Medulla: Epi and Nor-epi
Testes
Testosterone, Inhibin
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Produced in anterior pituitary, often in Re: to biological stress
Increases secretion of cortisol by the adrenal glands
T3 and T4
Triiodothyronine and Thyroxin: Increase energy production and rate of protein synthesis
Thryroid hormones
Regulation of metabolism
GH
Growth Hormone: Increases mitosis, amino acid transport into cell, protein synthesis, and use of fats for energy
Thyroid Gland location
Front and sides of trachea, the two lobes are connected by isthmus (bridge across trachea)
Thyroid Gland
Produces T3, T4, and calcitonin (regulates calcium when calcium level too high ““calcitone it down””)
Another name for a tumor
Neoplasm
Graves Disease
Hyperthyroidism: Abnormal thyroid stimulating mechanism, increased iodide uptake, thyroid metabolism, growth, and secretion of hormone
Thyrotoxic Crisis (thyroid storm)
worsening of a thyrotoxic state, possible death within 48 hours (no way to stop thyroid from releasing hormone, we can only sedate them)
The hormone that lowers blood glucose level by enabling cells to take glucose in
Insulin
The hormone that increases the rate of cell division
Growth Hormone
Pancreas
Endocrine functions: islets of langerhans have three types of cells; Alpha (glucagon), Beta (insulin), and Delta
Alpha Cells in Pancreas
Produce Glucagon
Beta Cells in Pancreas
Produce Insulin
Delta Cells in Pancreas
Somatostatin (growth hormone inhibiting hormone)
The two hormones that regulate blood calcium level
Parathyroid Hormone and calcitonin
The hormone that intiates egg or sperm production
FSH
In men, the hormone necessary for maturation of sperm
Testosterone
In women, the hormone that causes ovulation
LH
Two hormones that cause the liver to change glycogen to glucose
glucagon and epinephrine
The hormones that increase protein synthesis and the use of all 3 food types for energy
Thyroxine
Hypoglycemia
ALOC first sign because brain is most sensitive to lack of glucose, signs of shock and eventual cellular death
The hormone that slows peristalsis and dilates the bronchioles
Epinephrine
The hormone that has an anti-inflammatory affect
Cortisol
The hormone that increases water reabsorption by the kidneys
ADH
The hormone that increases calcium reabsorption by the kidneys
PTH
INCREASES blood calcium (alternatively, calcitonin DECREASES blood calcium)
The Hormone that increases sodium reabsorption by the kidneys
Aldosterone
Regulates blood pressure, produced by adrenal gland cortex
In women, two hormones that promote growth of blood vessels in the endometrium
estrogen and progesterone
In women, the hormone that promotes growth of the corpus luteum
LH
The hormone that stimulates milk production in the mammary glands
prolactin (produced in pituitary gland, myometrium, prostate, WBCs)
The hormone that causes strong contractions of the uterus during labor
oxytocin
The hormone that increases the use of fats and excess amino acids for energy while sparing glucose for use by the brain
cortisol
Two hormones that help maintain BP by maintaining normal blood volume
ADH and aldosterone
Localized hormones that are synthesized from the phospholipids of cell membranes (NOT by a gland)
prostaglandins
Glucagon
Does not add sugar, gluconeogenesis: stimulates the body to break down fats/etc to get glucose from other places in the body, works for a short period of time but builds up acid and the patient still needs glucose.
Glucose cellular uptake WITHOUT insulin
1/10 as effective
Steroid hormones are believed to exert their effect by stimulating the synthesis of:
Proteins
The two-messenger mechanism of hormone action describes the action of:
protein hormones
The hormone produced by the ovaries or testes that inhibits the secretion of FSH
Inhibin
The hormone that brings about sleep
melatonin
Aldosterone
Secretes potassium
Conserves sodium
Increased water retention
Increased blood pressure
The secretion of insulin in response to fluctuating blood glucose levels is a __________feedback mechanism
Negative feedback mechanism
Secretion of the hormones of anterior pituitary gland is regulated by:
Hypothalamus
The stimulus for secretion of glucagon
hypoglycemia
The functions of epinephrine are very similar to the functions of:
The sympathetic nervous system
The stimulus for the secretion of aldosterone
low blood sodium level
Type II DM
Fixed number of insulin receptors get rid of them two ways, damage exceeds supply (get fat or pregnant) or wear out (with age or from excessive consumption = can’t keep up with demand)
DKA Tx
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
ABCs, intubation, fluid boluses (1-2 liters), cardiac monitoring (hyperkelemia)
HONK
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic non-ketotic coma
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic non-ketotic coma- when the body does not kick in gluconeogenesis
Adrenal Medulla
Catacholomines: Epi and Nor-epi
Adrenal Cortex
Aldosterone, cortisol, sex hormones
ADH
causes vasoconstriction and water reabsorption (fluid back into blood stream)
Adrenal glands
on top of kidneys
Adrenal cortex
**Mineralcorticoids: **aldosterone, regulate salt and water balance
Glucocorticoids: cortisol, mediate stress response
Overheating
hyperthyroidism
Infection or autoimmune of pancreas
type I DM
Islets of Langerhans
In the pancreas, make alpha, beta, and delta cells
Kussmaul breathing
Hyperglycemia
Kussmaul breathing is a deep and labored breathing pattern often associated with severe metabolic acidosis, particularly diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) but also renal failure.
Respiratory depression
hypoglycemia
Glucagon
Is a hormone and also a beta blocker (antidote for beta blocker overdose and calcium channel blocker overdose)
15mils of D50
25 grams of sugar
