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Anatomy And Physiology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What hormones increase glucose concentration?

A

Insulin, Glucagon, Cortisol, Epinephrine, Growth Hormone

These hormones play a vital role in glucose metabolism and regulation.

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2
Q

What are the Pancreatic Islets also known as?

A

Islets of Langerhans

Named after the German physician Paul Langerhans who discovered them.

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3
Q

What is the primary function of the Islets of Langerhans?

A

Regulation of blood glucose levels

They secrete hormones such as insulin and glucagon.

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4
Q

What hormone is secreted by the beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans?

A

Insulin

Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by facilitating cellular uptake.

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5
Q

What hormone is secreted by the alpha cells in the Islets of Langerhans?

A

Glucagon

Glucagon raises blood glucose levels by promoting glycogen breakdown in the liver.

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6
Q

Fill in the blank: The Islets of Langerhans are located in the _______.

A

Pancreas

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7
Q

True or False: The Islets of Langerhans contain only beta cells.

A

False

They contain multiple cell types, including alpha and delta cells.

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8
Q

What role do delta cells play in the Islets of Langerhans?

A

Secrete somatostatin

Somatostatin inhibits the secretion of both insulin and glucagon.

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9
Q

List the three main types of cells found in the Islets of Langerhans.

A
  • Alpha cells
  • Beta cells
  • Delta cells
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10
Q

What is the effect of insulin on the liver?

A

Stimulates glycogen synthesis

This process helps to lower blood glucose levels.

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11
Q

What triggers the release of glucagon from the Islets of Langerhans?

A

Low blood glucose levels

Glucagon release is stimulated when blood sugar levels drop.

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: The Islets of Langerhans are composed of _______ cells.

A

Endocrine

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13
Q

What is the corpus luteum?

A

A temporary endocrine structure in the ovaries that produces progesterone and estrogen after ovulation.

It forms from the follicle that housed the ovum and plays a crucial role in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.

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14
Q

What hormone does the corpus luteum primarily produce?

A

Progesterone

Progesterone is essential for preparing the uterine lining for implantation of a fertilized egg.

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15
Q

True or False: The corpus luteum is permanent.

A

False

The corpus luteum is temporary and typically lasts about 14 days unless pregnancy occurs.

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16
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy does not occur?

A

It degenerates into the corpus albicans.

This degeneration leads to a decrease in hormone levels, triggering menstruation.

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17
Q

Fill in the blank: The corpus luteum forms from the _______.

A

[follicle]

Specifically, it forms from the follicle that has released an ovum during ovulation.

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18
Q

What additional hormone, besides progesterone, does the corpus luteum produce?

A

Estrogen

Estrogen produced by the corpus luteum helps maintain the uterine lining.

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19
Q

During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the corpus luteum develop?

A

Luteal phase

This phase occurs after ovulation and before menstruation.

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20
Q

What is the fate of the corpus luteum if pregnancy occurs?

A

It continues to produce hormones to support the pregnancy.

The hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is produced by the placenta, which signals the corpus luteum to persist.

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21
Q

What are thymosins?

A

Thymosins are a group of hormones produced by the thymus gland that play a crucial role in immune function and T-cell development.

Thymosins are implicated in the maturation of T-lymphocytes, which are essential for adaptive immunity.

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22
Q

What is the primary function of thymosins?

A

The primary function of thymosins is to promote the development and differentiation of T-cells in the immune system.

This process is vital for the body’s ability to respond to infections and diseases.

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: Thymosins are produced by the _______.

A

[thymus gland]

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24
Q

True or False: Thymosins play a role in the development of B-cells.

A

False

Thymosins specifically influence T-cell development, not B-cells.

25
Q

List two key roles of thymosins in the immune system.

A
  • Promote T-cell development
  • Enhance immune response
26
Q

How do thymosins affect the immune system?

A

Thymosins enhance the immune response by facilitating the maturation of T-cells, which are crucial for identifying and eliminating pathogens.

This includes both helper T-cells and cytotoxic T-cells.

27
Q

What is Leptin?

A

A hormone produced by adipose (fat) tissue that helps to regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger.

28
Q

What is the primary function of Leptin?

A

To signal the brain regarding energy storage and regulate appetite.

29
Q

True or False: Leptin levels increase with body fat.

30
Q

Fill in the blank: Leptin is produced by _______.

A

[adipose tissue]

31
Q

How does Leptin affect hunger?

A

It inhibits hunger.

32
Q

What condition is associated with Leptin resistance?

33
Q

What role does Leptin play in metabolism?

A

It helps to regulate energy expenditure.

34
Q

List two factors that can influence Leptin levels.

A
  • Body fat percentage
  • Sleep patterns
35
Q

True or False: Leptin only affects appetite and has no impact on metabolism.

36
Q

Fill in the blank: Leptin levels are generally _______ in individuals with obesity.

A

[elevated]

37
Q

What is ghrelin?

A

Ghrelin is a hormone produced mainly in the stomach that stimulates appetite.

38
Q

What is the primary function of ghrelin?

A

The primary function of ghrelin is to signal hunger to the brain.

39
Q

Ghrelin is often referred to as what?

A

Ghrelin is often referred to as the ‘hunger hormone’.

40
Q

Where is ghrelin primarily produced?

A

Ghrelin is primarily produced in the stomach.

41
Q

True or False: Ghrelin levels increase before meals and decrease after eating.

42
Q

Fill in the blank: Ghrelin plays a role in regulating _______.

A

[energy balance]

43
Q

What are the effects of ghrelin on the body aside from appetite stimulation?

A

Ghrelin affects metabolism, growth hormone release, and may influence sleep and mood.

44
Q

How does ghrelin interact with other hormones?

A

Ghrelin interacts with hormones such as leptin, which signals satiety.

45
Q

What condition is associated with elevated ghrelin levels?

A

Elevated ghrelin levels are associated with obesity.

46
Q

What role does ghrelin play in weight loss?

A

Ghrelin levels typically increase during weight loss, which can stimulate appetite.

47
Q

What is Calcitonin abbreviated as?

48
Q

What is the primary function of Calcitonin?

A

Lowers blood calcium levels

49
Q

Where is Calcitonin produced in the body?

A

Thyroid gland

50
Q

True or False: Calcitonin promotes the excretion of calcium in the kidneys.

51
Q

Calcitonin inhibits the activity of which type of cells?

A

Osteoclasts

52
Q

Fill in the blank: Calcitonin plays a role in _______ regulation.

53
Q

What effect does Calcitonin have on bone remodeling?

A

Inhibits bone resorption

54
Q

Calcitonin is primarily involved in which physiological process?

A

Calcium homeostasis

55
Q

What triggers the release of Calcitonin?

A

Increased blood calcium levels

56
Q

What is the chemical name for Epi?

A

Epinephrine

Also known as Adrenaline

57
Q

What is the chemical name for Nr?

A

Norepinephrine

58
Q

The 2 separate glands that make up the adrenal gland

A

Adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla

Anatomy And Physiology (5 decks)

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