Endocrine System Flashcards
define endocrinology (2)
- intercellular chemical communication
- it’s about communication systems & information transfer
functions of endocrine system? (5)
- Maintain internal homeostasis
- Support cell growth
- Coordinate development
- Coordinate reproduction
- Facilitate responses to external stimuli
what is atrazine (2) and why is it harmful? (2)
herbicide, endocrine disruptor
feminizes frogs, decreases their thyroid hormone production
what else do endocrine disruptors affect (2)
- amphibians in aquatic habitats
- men in agricultural areas
fill in the blanks
In __________, __________ and __________ discovered the hormone __________.
1902, William Bayliss, Ernest Starling, secretin
define hormone?
molecule that only functions to convey information within an organism
what does secretin do?
stimulates the pancreas to secret digestive juices
etymology of “hormone”
Greek: “to set in motion”
what are hormones secreted by? (3)
endocrine glands, endocrine cells, certain neurons
how do hormones get around?
they travel through the bloodstream to nonadjacent target cells
main sources of hormones in the endocrine system? (8)
- Pituitary gland
- Adrenal glands
- Thyroid gland
- Parathyroid glands
- Pineal gland
- Thymus gland
- Ovary
- Testes
how do hormones get around?
travel through the bloodstream to nonadjacent target cells
the pineal gland produces… (1)
melatonin
the pituitary gland produces… (3)
GH, LH, TSH
the adrenal glands produce… (2)
adrenaline, noradrenaline
the thyroid gland produces… (2)
T3, T4
the parathyroid glands produce… (1)
PTH (parathyroid hormone)
the thymus gland produces… (1)
thymosin
the ovary produces… (2)
estrogen, progesterone
the testes produce… (1)
testosterone
types of hormones? (2)
- steroid hormones
- peptide hormones
What are steroid hormones derived from?
Cholesterol
Give examples of steroid hormones (5)
Estrogens, progestins, androgens, cortisol, aldosterone
What are peptide hormones made of (3)
Peptides, proteins, or glycoproteins
examples of peptide hormones (10)
Glucagon, ADH, oxytocin, TRH, insulin, somatotropin, prolactin, FSH, LH, TSH
how does response to hormones vary? (2)
- different hormones activate different responses in the same target cell
- not all cells respond to a particular hormone
elements of endocrine system (8)
- Sender = Sending Cell
- Signal = Hormone
- Nondestructive Medium = Serum & Hormone Binders
- Selective Receiver = Receptor Protein
- Transducer = Transducer Proteins & 2nd Messengers
- Amplifier = Transducer/Effector Enzymes
- Effector = Effector Proteins
- Response = Cellular Response (2nd Hormones)
steps of hormone action (3)
Activation of receptor
Transduction of signal
Functional response
hormones and other signaling molecules support… (4)
metabolism, growth, development and reproduction
how do steroid hormones work? (3)
diffuse across plasma membrane > bind to a receptor > hormone-receptor complex acts in the nucleus to inhibit or enhance transcription
is response to steroid hormones fast or slow
slow
why should bodybuilders avoid steroids? (2)
- Long-term use can harm liver, kidneys, and heart
- Extreme liquid retention can cause heart failure
how do peptide hormones work? (2)
Binds to a receptor at the cell surface > triggers a change in the activity of enzymes inside the cell
is response to peptide hormones fast or slow
fast
What is normal hormone production?
body produces only very small amounts of hormones
thyroid gland disorders (3)
goiter, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism
cause of goiter?
deficiency in iodine
what happens during elevated blood glucose? (4)
pancreas produces insulin > cells take up glucose, liver converts glucose to glycogen > glucose falls (homeostasis)
what happens during low blood glucose? (3)
pancreas produces glucagon > liver converts glycogen to glucose > glucose rises (homeostasis)
what are normal blood glucose levels?
90 mg/100 ml
what is diabetes mellitus?
accumulation of excess glucose
what is type 1 diabetes? (3)
Autoimmune disease
Usually appears in childhood
Treated with insulin injections
what is type 2 diabetes? (3)
Target cells don’t respond to insulin
Usually appears in adults
Treated with improved diet and drugs
Eyes complications in diabetes? (3)
Vision changes, retinal blood vessel damage, blindness
Skin complications in diabetes? (3)
bacterial/fungal infections, discoloration, thickened skin
Digestive system complications in diabetes? (3)
Gum disease, heartburn, nausea
Kidney complications in diabetes? (1)
Increased risk of kidney disease/failure
Heart & blood vessel complications in diabetes? (4)
Heart attack, stroke, high blood pressure, poor circulation
Limbs complications in diabetes? (4)
Loss of pain sensations, calluses, foot ulcers, amputation of necrotic parts
other signalling molecules? (3)
neurotransmitters, local signaling molecules, pheromones
plant hormones (5)
gibberellins, auxins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, ethylene
functions of gibberellin in nature (3)
Helps seeds and buds break dormancy
Makes stems lengthen
Influences flowering
applications of gibberellin (2)
enhances stem length, control ripening
functions of auxins (2)
promote stem lengthening, play a role in responses to gravity and light
most common auxin in nature?
Indoleacetic acid (IAA)
function of cytokinins?
Promote cell division
where are cytokinins most abundant?
root and shoot meristems and in maturing fruits
applications of cytokinins? (2)
extend the shelf life of cut flowers, delays leaf death
functions of abscisic acid (ABA)? (2)
promotes dormancy of buds and seeds, plays a role in drought response
application of abscisic acid? (1)
induce dormancy in plants to be shipped
function of ethylene (1)
induces aging responses
application of ethylene
ripen fruits for market
growth regulators in plants (4)
brassinolides, jasmonates, salicylic acid, systemin
