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Biology UAS > Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

define anatomy (2)

A
  1. the science that deals with the structure of the body
  2. the study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts & their relationships to one another
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2
Q

etymology of anatomy

A

from Ancient Greek = dissection

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3
Q

kinds of anatomy (4)

A

gross (macroscopic), microscopic, developmental, comparative

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4
Q

define gross anatomy

A

study of structures one can see with the naked eye

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5
Q

kinds of gross anatomy (2)

A
  • regional: studying structures in a region of the body
  • systematic: studying per system
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6
Q

define microscopic anatomy

A

study of structures one can only see with an assistive device

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7
Q

kinds of microscopic anatomy (3)

A
  • cytology: study of cells
  • histology: study of tissues
  • organology: study of organs
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8
Q

define developmental anatomy

A

study of anatomical changes in a life cycle

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9
Q

kinds of developmental anatomy (3)

A
  • embryology: study of prenatal development
  • postnatal development: study of structures after birth
  • ontogeny: total development of an individual
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10
Q

define comparative anatomy

A

comparison of structures between organisms

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11
Q

kinds of comparative anatomy (2)

A
  • vertebrate
  • phylogeny
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12
Q

what is vertebrate comparative anatomy

A

study of similarities and differences in the structure of vertebrate’s bodies to understand how they have adapted to different environments and evolved from common ancestors

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13
Q

what is phylogeny

A

study of evolutionary relationships between species, often using anatomical traits to reconstruct the evolutionary tree of life

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14
Q

kinds of structures in organisms (2)

A
  • homologous: similar structures in organisms with similar ancestors but functionality may or may not be the same
  • analogous: similar structures in different organisms
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15
Q

examples of homologous structures (4)

A

pentadactyl limbs in humans, cats, whales, and bats

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16
Q

examples of analogous structures (3)

A

streamline appendages in sharks (fish), penguins (birds), and dolphins (mammals)

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17
Q

types of tissue in the body (4)

A

nervous, epithelial, muscle, connective

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18
Q

where is nervous tissue found (3)

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves

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19
Q

where is epithelial tissue found (2)

A

lining of hollow organs, skin surface (epidermis)

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20
Q

where is muscle tissue found (3)

A
  • heart (cardiac muscle)
  • walls of hollow organs (smooth muscle)
  • attached to skeleton (skeletal muscle)
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21
Q

where is connective tissue found (3)

A

soft padding (fat), bone, tendon

22
Q

define physiology

A

scientific discipline that studies the function of body structures

23
Q

what do structure and function correlate to

A

structure = anatomy
function = physiology

24
Q

how are structure and function related

A

structure determines what functions can take place

25
Q

examples of the relationship between structure and function (2)

A
  1. the heart is made up of muscular chambers (structure) which allows it to pump blood (function)
  2. lungs have very thin walls (structure) so gas exchange can take place (function)
26
Q

subdivisions of physiology (5)

A
  • neurophysiology → nervous system
  • cardiovascular physiology → cardiovascular system
  • gastrointestinal physiology → digestive system
  • musculoskeletal physiology → muscular and skeletal system
  • respiratory physiology → respiratory system
27
Q

what’s the integumentary system

A

largest organ of the body that forms a physical barrier between external and internal environment that it serves to protect and maintain

28
Q

components of integumentary system (5)

A

skin, hair, nails, sebaceous (oil) glands, sweat glands

29
Q

functions of integumentary system (4)

A

external covering, protection, vitamin D synthesis, location of sense receptors

30
Q

components of skeletal system (3)

A

bones, joints, adjacent cartilage

31
Q

functions of skeletal system (5)

A

support, protection, movement, blood cell production (red bone marrow), mineral storage (Ca, P)

32
Q

components of muscular system (2)

A

skeletal muscles, associated connective tissue (tendons)

33
Q

functions of muscular system (5)

A

locomotion, manipulation of environment, facial expressions (communication), maintain posture, produce heat

34
Q

components of of circulatory system (2)

A

cardiovascular system, lymphatic system

35
Q

functions of circulatory system (2)

A

transportation of materials 1) within body, 2) to and from internal and external environments

36
Q

components of cardiovascular system (2)

A

heart, blood vessels

37
Q

functions of cardiovascular system (2)

A
  • blood transport
  • blood carries O2, CO2, nutrients, waste, etc.
38
Q

components of lymphatic system (2)

A
  • lymphatic vessels
  • lymphatic organs (spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, etc.)
39
Q

functions of lymphatic system (2)

A

transportation of lymph (derived from tissue fluid), houses white blood cells

40
Q

components of immune system (2)

A
  • immune organs (red bone marrow, thymus, etc.)
  • white blood cells (lymphocytes, macrophages, etc.)
41
Q

function of immune system

A

defense (immune response)

42
Q

components of nervous system (4)

A

brain, spinal cord (CNS), nerves (PNS), sense receptors

43
Q

functions of nervous system (2)

A

control system (fast, “hardwired”), response to external and internal environments

44
Q

components of endocrine system

A

hormone-secreting glands (e.g. pituitary, pancreas, thyroid, etc.)

45
Q

functions of endocrine system (2)

A

control system (slow, “chemical”), regulates processes like growth, reproduction, and nutrient use

46
Q

components of respiratory system (3)

A

lungs, tubing (trachea, bronchi, etc.), larynx

47
Q

functions of respiratory system (2)

A

gas exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and atmosphere, voice production

48
Q

components of digestive system (2)

A

alimentary canal (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine), accessory structures (liver, pancreas, salivary glands, etc.)

49
Q

functions of digestive system (2)

A

break down food into small absorbable pieces between blood and lumen, eliminate waste

50
Q

components of urinary system (4)

A

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

51
Q

functions of urinary system (3)

A

eliminate N waste from blood, barrier between blood and external environment, regulates water, electrolytes, and acids/bases

52
Q

functions of reproductive system (3)

A

perpetuation of species, hormones influence structure and function, sexually dimorphic species

Biology UAS (7 decks)

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