Endocrine System Flashcards
Pituitary Gland, Pancreas (Diabetes) & Kidney (Nephron & urodynamics)
Function of the endocrine system
A system made up of glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood to maintain homeostasis and regulate the body’s chemical reactions.
Homeostasis
Maintaining a balanced, stable internal environment for among all bodily systems in order for the body to survive and function correctly.
Pituitary Gland
A small pea sized gland found in the brain also known as the master gland as it controls the production and release of other hormones.
Hypothalamus
Controls the pituitary gland
Anterior Lobe
The front half of the pituitary gland which secretes sex hormones such as LH, FSH and growth hormone.
Posterior Lobe
The back half of the pituitary gland which secretes ADH (antidiuretic hormone) & oxytocin (used in childbirth).
Pancreas
A 6-10 inch long tapered organ found behind the stomach with both an exocrine and endocrine function
Functions of the Pancreas
Exocrine function: release pancreatic juices (digestive enzymes) via a duct.
Endocrine function: secrete hormones to regulate blood glucose levels (insulin & glucagon).
Islets of Langerhans
A group of hormone producing cells in the pancreas.
Alpha cells: produce glucagon
Beta cells: produce insulin
Hormonal release of the Islets of Langerhans
Alpha cells produce glucagon (for glycogenolysis)
Beta cells produce insulin (for glycogenesis)
Glycogenolysis
The hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose in the liver (stimulated by glucagon release) to increase blood glucose as a result of low glucose levels in the blood.
Glycogenesis
The formation of glycogen from excess glucose in the liver (stimulated by insulin) to decrease blood glucose as a result of high glucose levels in the blood.
Decreasing blood glucose levels
High blood sugar is detected by the pancreas which then releases insulin (from beta cells).
The liver undergoes glycogenesis and converts the glucose into glycogen for storage.
Blood glucose level decreases back to ‘normal’
Increasing blood glucose levels
Low blood sugar is detected by the pancreas which releases glucagon (from alpha cells).
The liver undergoes glycogenolysis and converts the glycogen to glucose.
Blood glucose levels increase back to ‘normal/.
Negative feedback in the pancreas
Negative feedback ensures that blood glucose levels can remain at homeostasis as the reduction of blood glucose (glycogenesis) can be counteracted by an increase in blood glucose (glycogenolysis)
Diabetes
Diabetes is a non-communicable disease which causes a reduction in the insulin levels produced by the body.
There is two types: Type 1 & Type 2
Symptoms of BOTH diabetes
increases appetite & thirst
unexplained weight loss
blurred vision
frequent urination
tiredness/weakness
Type 1 Diabetes
This is when the body produces NO insulin, and can occur at any age (mainly childhood)
Type 1 Diabetes- Causes
Genetics
Type 1 Diabetes- Treatments
insulin injections
(+ balanced diet & healthy weight)
There is NO CURE
Type 2 Diabetes
This is when your body does not produce enough insulin, mainly occurs in people over 45