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Medical Science > Cardiac Physiology > Flashcards

Cardiac Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

A

A non communicable disease caused by a build up of fatty acid deposits in the coronary arteries, this restricts blood flow to the heart muscles

Can lead to death if untreated

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2
Q

Symptoms of CHD

A

Chest pain (angina)
Feeling faint
Nausea
neck, jaw or arm pain

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3
Q

Risk factors for CHD

A

Smoking
High blood pressure
High cholesterol/ diet with a lot
Lack of exercise
Diabetes

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4
Q

Treating CHD

A

Blood thinning medication
Statins (cholesterol reducing medication)
Stents (wire mesh that holds open arteries)

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5
Q

Angina

A

aka as chest pain and is caused as a result of reduced blood flow to the heart muscles.

It’s not usually life threatening but can be a warning sign for heart attacks/ strokes

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6
Q

Heart Attack

A

reduced blood flow to the heart due to a clot, but it’s still beating

aka myocardial infarction

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7
Q

Cardiac arrest

A

When the heart stops beating altogether usually caused by diseased electrical systems

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8
Q

Sphygmomanometer

A

Aka Blood pressure monitor
measures blood pressure by inflating a cuff to restrict blood flow in the arm, it takes a (systolic) reading and then deflates and takes a second (diastolic) reading

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9
Q

Using a sphygmomanometer

A

The blood pressure cuff goes around the brachial artery. The bottom of the cuff is just above the elbow. while a person is seated in a chair with their feet flat on the floor. Their arm should rest comfortably at heart level.
The cuff inflates to temporarily stop blood flow, and then slowly released. The gauge measures the pressure at both times.

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10
Q

Limitations of a sphygmomanometer

A

Cuff may be the incorrect size, or not wrapped correctly
Alcohol or caffein may have been taken before the test

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11
Q

Normal blood pressure readings

A

Normal blood pressure is between 90/60 and 120/80 mmHg.
High blood pressure is above 140/90 mmHg.
Low blood pressure is below 90/60mmHg.

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12
Q

Echocardiogram

A

An ultrasound scan of the heart to look at the hearts structure and how well it is pumping.
Used to diagnose faulty valves, cardiomyopathy, congenital heart disease

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13
Q

Limitations of echocardiogram

A

it should be used in conjunction with other tests

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14
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

A

Places sticky electrodes on the skin around the patients heart, they detect the hearts electrical change in signals

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15
Q

What can an electrocardiogram diagnose?

A

Arrhythmias (different abnormal heart beats)
CHD
Heart attacks
Cardiomyopathy (hearts walls become thickened/ enlarged)

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16
Q

Resting ECG

A

Taken for a few minutes whilst the patient is lying down

17
Q

Stress (exercise) ECG

A

Carried out whilst the patient takes part in exercise (treadmill or bikes) to see the hearts response to exercise

18
Q

Ambulatory (portable) ECG

A

A portable machine worn like a belt to record ECG readings over a day or more.

19
Q

Segments of an ECG trace

A

P wave: atrial systole
QRS segment: ventricular contraction
ST segment: represents the delay as ventricles fill up with blood
T wave: electrical reset and repolarisation of the heart

20
Q

Calculating heart rate from ECG trace

A

Calculate the number of squares between two R intervals, divide by 300

21
Q

Bradycardia

A

Slow heart beat (below 60bpm)

22
Q

Atrial fibrillation

A

Baseline irregular (ventricular response is regular)

23
Q

Tachycardia

A

Faster heart beat then normal (above 100bpm)

24
Q

Ventricular fibrillation

A

Rapid irregular ventricular complexs

25
Q

Peripheral Vascular Disease

A

Disease of blood vessels other then in the heart or brain

26
Q

Vascular studies

A

Non invasive studies which check the blood flow in arteries and veins using high frequency sound waves (ultrasound)

27
Q

Method of Vascular studies

A

A handheld probe (transducer) is pressed against the skin
Sound waves move through skin, body tissue and into blood vessels and then to a computer
They’re viewed as image for videos

28
Q

What can vascular studies identify?

A

They can be used inconjunction with precise blood pressure measurements to identify:
atherosclerosis (arteries build up w fattty acid plaque)
aneurysm
thrombus
embolus

Medical Science (16 decks)

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