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A&P > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A chemical receptor.

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2
Q

What is a target cell?

A

A cell that responds to a hormone.

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3
Q

What is a receptor?

A

A molecule structure that the chemical binds to.

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4
Q

Lipid soluble hormones

A

They circulate bound to transport proteins. Ex: Steroids, thyroid hormones and nitrous oxide.

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5
Q

Water soluble hormones

A

Circulate freely in the plasma. 3 different kinds.
1. Biogenic amines- small amino acid derivatives (Ex: histamine, catecholamines, dopamine)
2. Peptides/ proteins (Ex; insulin, ADH, hGH)
3.Eiconsandoids (Ex: prostaglandins, leukotrienes)

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6
Q

Explain how water-soluble hormones work.

A
  • Hormone binds to extracellular fluid
    -Binding activates G proteins
    -G proteins activate enzymes to produce second messengers (cAMP, Ca++)
    -Second messengers activate enzymes that bring about physiological response.
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7
Q

Explain how lipid soluble hormones work.

A

-Hormones diffuse into the cell and bind to intranuclear receptors
- Binding alters gene expressions
-Produces mRNA that directs the synthesis of proteins that alter cell activity.

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8
Q

What is a positive feedback loop?

A

The response is due to a stimulus that enhances or intensifies the original stimulus (rare).
Ex: Labor, blood clotting

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9
Q

What is a negative feedback loop?

A

The response due to some stimulus is the opposite of the original stimulus (maintains homeostasis).
Ex; Blood sugar is too high, the body releases insulin to reduce blood sugar.

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10
Q

What are the three major stimuli that activate the endocrine glands?

A
  1. Signal from the nervous system
    Ex: Epinephrine released from the adrenal medulla
  2. Chemical change in the blood
    Ex: Ca++ regulates the release of calcitonin + parathyroid hormone
  3. Other hormones “tropic hormones”
    Ex: Adrenocorticotropic hormone from the pituitary stimulates cortisol release from the adrenal cortex.
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11
Q

What does the pituitary gland look like? Where is it located?

A

-Pea-shaped structure
-Located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
-Attached to the hypothalamus by stalk “infundibulum”

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12
Q

What controls the pituitary gland?

A

The hypothalamus

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13
Q

How many lobes does the pituitary gland have, and what are they called?

A

-Posterior pituitary gland (Neurohypophysis)
-Anterior pituitary gland (Adenohypophysis)

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14
Q

Human growth hormone

A
  • Target cell: Most body cells
    -Overall body growth/size regulates
    -Metabolism
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15
Q

Prolactin

A

-Target cell: Mammary glands
-Production of milk by breast

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16
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A
  • Target cell: Adrenal Cortex
    -Stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.
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17
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone

A

-Stimulates thyroid gland to secrete it’s hormones

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18
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone

A
  • Target cell: Gonads
    -Females: Stimulates oocyte production and estrogen secretion
    -Males: Stimulates spermatogenesis
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19
Q

Luteinizing hormone

A
  • Target cell: Gonads
    -Females: Stimulates estrogen secretion, formation of corpus luteum, and progesterone secretion by corpus luteum.
    Males: Stimulates testosterone secretion
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20
Q

Melanocyte stimulating hormone

A

-Melanin-producing melanocytes
-Increase skin pigmentation (Melanin absorbs UV light)

21
Q

Describe the role of ADH in diabetes insipidus

A

There is a reduction in ADH or an inability to absorb ADH so people are constantly peeing (polyuria).

22
Q

Describe the structure and location of the thyroid gland

A

-Two lobes connected by the isthmus - inferior to the larynx
-Anterior to the trachea

23
Q

What are the two thyroid hormones?
Including formation, storage, and release

A

2 hormones are T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (tetraiodothyronine)
-Formation: Iodine is attached to tyrosine (amino acid)
-Storage: Thyroglobulin (protein) is stored as a colloid.
-Release: Through follicular cells into the bloodstream carried in blood on thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)

24
Q

Describe the effects of the thyroid hormones on the body

A
  1. Increase basal metabolic rate (oxygen use)
    - Increase body temperature.
  2. Cell metabolism: Increase glucose, ATP, protein synthesis, and lipolysis
  3. Growth and development
    -Normal development in early years - development o the nervous tissue
25
Q

How does iodine affect thyroid hormones?

A

-Is necessary for the synthesis of T3 and T4
-If the body lacks iodine, there is decreased T3 and T4 in the blood

26
Q

How does TSH affect thyroid hormones?

A

Hypothalamus - TRH - pituitary - TSH - Enlargement of the thyroid gland (goiter)

27
Q

What are the effects of hypothyroidism?

A

-Early in life: Decreased growth of the skeleton and decreased development of the nervous system.
-In adults: Low basal metabolic rate: slow heart rate, decreased cold tolerance. Fatigue, weight gain, lethargy, thickened vocal cords, etc.

28
Q

What are the effects of hyperthyroidism?

A

High basal metabolic rate: increases heart rate, food intake, weight loss, nervousness, and heat intolerance.
Graves’ disease: autoimmune disorder, antibodies produced against TSH receptors.

29
Q

What does Calcitonin do?

A

Decreases blood calcium, which increases osteoblast activity, and decreases osteoclast activity.

30
Q

Where is the parathyroid glands? How many is there?

A

-They’re embedded in the posterior of the thyroid gland
- 2 pairs = 4

31
Q

what is the hormone released by the parathyroid and what does it do?

A

-Parathyroid hormone
-Increases blood calcium
-Increases osteoclast activity
- Increases Ca++ reabsorption in the kidneys
-Increases Ca++ reabsorption in the intestines (uses vitamin D)

32
Q

Where are the adrenal glands?

A

Superior tip of each kidney

33
Q

Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)

A

-Target cell: Kidneys
- Increases reabsorption of sodium and water (water follows sodium)
-Increases potassium secretion

34
Q

Name two hormones produced by the adrenal glands

A

-Glucocorticoids-cortisol
-Androgens (DHEA)

35
Q

Name two hormones produced by the adrenal medulla

A
  • Epinephrine
    -Norepinephrine
    Both are catecholamines
36
Q

Explain how hormones help the body respond to stress

A
  1. The hypothalamus perceives stress
  2. Sympathetic nerves carry messages to the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine.
  3. Stress response increases heart rate, blood supply, sweating, dilation of airways, etc. It decreases gastrointestinal activity.
37
Q

What is the role of cortisol during stress?

A

-Aids in regulating the metabolic functions of the body and in controlling the inflammatory response.
-Stimulate gluconeogenesis in the liver.

38
Q

Where is the pancreas and why is it called a mixed gland?

A

-Inferior to the liver and stomach.
-Mixed gland: endocrine and exocrine functions (digestive enzymes).

39
Q

What are hormone-producing cells called?

A

Islets of Langerhans.

40
Q

What are the most common islets?

A
  1. Beta cells = secrete insulin
  2. Alpha cells = secrete glucagon
41
Q

Explain how glucagon works.

A

-Glucagon is released when blood glucose levels are low, glucagon acts to increase blood glucose levels. (Glucose gone = glucagon)
-Acts on hepatocytes, which increases glycogenolysis (glycogen to glucose)
-Gluconeogenesis increases from lactic acid/ amino acids into glucose.

42
Q

Explain how insulin regulates blood glucose

A
  • Insulin released when blood glucose levels are high. Insulin acts to decrease blood glucose levels
  • Increase of facilitated diffusion of glucose into cells
    -increase glycogenesis (glucose to glycogen) for storage
    -Increase of uptake of amino acids and protein synthesis
    -Increase lipogenesis (glucose to fatty acids)
    -Slow glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
43
Q

What’s the difference between hypoglycaemia and hyperglycemia?

A

Hypoglycemia: Low blood glucose levels
Hyperglycemia: High blood glucose levels

44
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

It’s a disorder resulting in increased blood glucose levels and cellular starvation.

45
Q

What is type one diabetes?

A

-IDDM
-Lack of insulin - beta cells are destroyed
-Often autoimmune
-Cells catabolism fats and proteins since glucose is not available - leads to ketone production

46
Q

What is type two diabetes?

A

-NIDDM
-Controlled by diet, exercise, drugs
-Decreased insulting or decreased insulting response
-Consequences of uncontrolled diabetes leads to blood vessel damage, cardiovascular disease, etc

47
Q

Estrogen

A
  • Target cell: Breasts, uterus, vagina
  • Duct development,thickening of endometrium epithelial, maturation closure of growth plates.
48
Q

Progesterone

A

-Target Area: Breasts, uterus, vagina
- Development of secretory glands, secretion of glycogen, epithelial desquamation.

49
Q

Testosterone

A

-Target Area: Primarily testes
- Duct development, thickening of endometrium epithelial, maturation closure of growth plates

A&P (3 decks)

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