endocrine system Flashcards
what is pancreas?
-elongated, flattened,exocrine and endocrine gland.
-it is located behind the stomach, in the lop of the duodenum
-it contains the islet of langerhans, a group of endocrine cells that secrete two major hormones:
insulin:lowers blood sugars levels and converts glucose into glucagon and stores it in the liver and muscles.
-glucagon: increases blood sugar levels and it breaks down the glucagon in the liver into glucose.
what are secondary sexual characteristics?
secondary sexual characteristics are the changes that take place in the body during adolescence.
what is the adrenal gland?
-cup-like structure present above each kidney
-secretes adrenaline and cortisone
-adrenaline hormone also known as the fight or flight hormone preperes our body to confront an emergency situation or stress.it is also called the emergence hormone.
-cortisone hormone stimulates the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats in our body. It helps our body adapt against extreme heat or cold.
what is the importance of personal hygiene?
-keep the body healthy and strong
-prevents diseases
-enhances our social and physical appearance
-provides us with social and personal benefits
-better self-esteem
what are the secondary sexual characters in girls?
-voice becomes high pitched-breasts attain maturity
-menstruation
-growth of armpit hair and pubic hair
-hip bones widens
-increases height due to elongation of arm bone and leg bones
-acne or pimples due to increased secretions of sweat and sebum
what are hormones and their functions
hormones are chemical substances that bring about chemical coordination in living beings. They are secreted by endocrine glands. Their functions are:
-maintaining a constant environment inside our body
-adjusting the amount of salt and water in the body tissues, sugar in the blood, and salt in the sweat.
-producing long-term changes such as a child’s growth and sexual maturity
-bringing about quick, dramatic responses in the body whenever illness or injury occurs
-expressing emotions such as fear, anger, joy, and despair.
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what is adolescence?
what are the female and male sex hormones?
female:oestrogen, progestorone
male :testostorone
what is the parathyroid?
-parathyroid is embedded in the thyroid gland
-it secretes parathyroid hormone that regulates calcium metabolism
what is the thyroid gland
-shaped like a bilobed butterfly, present on either side of the windpipe right in front of the windpipe.
-it secretes thyroxine, which regulates the rate of metabolic activities of the body, growth, and development.
-its over-secretion makes the person overactive and results in an increased heartbeat and weight loss.
-it’s under-secretion causes a person to become inactive, weak and sluggish. In adults, it leads to myxoedema which is characterized by swelling on the face and hands, puffy eyes, etc.
where is the pituitary gland located and what are its functions
pituitary gland is also known as the master gland as it regulates the activity of all the other glands.
-located at the base of the brain
-secretes thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine
-it secretes the gonad-stimulating hormone or the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) it regulates the activity of the testis
-it stimulates the secretion of prolactin that is necessary for producing milk after child-birth in females
- it secretes the growth hormone
what are the emotional changes in adolescents?
-become conscious about their physical growth and may become hesitant or shy in certain situations
-depression, mood swings
-influenced easily by their peers
what are the secondary sexual characters in boys?
In boys, they are:
-broadening of shoulders, widening of the chest
-significant muscle growth
-boys develop hair on their chest and facial hair like moustaches and beards.
-deepening of voice, Adam’s apple appears due to large voice box.
-enlargement of penis and testes
-increases height due to elongation of arm bone and leg bones
-acne or pimples due to increased secretions of sweat and sebum
how can adolescents avoid stress?
-avoid caffeine, eat a balanced diet
-keep your body active with sports etc
-take adequate sleep and rest
-take up hobbies
-try relaxation techniques:yoga, meditaion etc
-talk to you friends and peers
-learn to manage your time
