Circulatory system Flashcards

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1
Q

what is blood composed of

A

blood comprises of blood cells suspended in the blood plasma.Plasma accounts for 55% of the volume of the blood, it mainly comprises glucose,protiens hormones minral ions carbon dioxide and even blood cells.In plasma, albuim is the cheif protein.Mainlt, blood cells ar RBCs ,WBCs and platelets.

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2
Q

what is the purpose of double circulation

A

double circulation helps to provide high oxygen content throughout the body due to the separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

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3
Q

what is lymph composed of

A

-do not have RBCs and hence is pale and clear
-lymph has a large number of leukocytes, mostly lymphocytes are present.
-lymph do not contain platelets
-upto 94% of lymph is water

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4
Q

what is intercellular fluid

A

as the blood flows through the capillaries, the plasma and the WBCs leak out of the walls. this fluid bathes the cells and is called issue or intercellular fluid. It is from this fluid that the cells absorb oxygen and other materials, and carbondioxide alongwith other wastes are returned to it.

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5
Q

why do lymph vessels have valves

A

to prevent backflow of blood

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6
Q

what is a cardiac arrest

A

a cardiac arrest occurs when the haert completely stops beating because the supply of blood to the heart is completeely stopped.as a result part of the cardiac muscle stops working and the heart is permanently damaged.IN addition, reduced blood flow is observed due to the deposition of cholesterol a type of fatty tissue and calcium to the walls of the arteries.symptoms include the sudden loss of consiousness, palpitation and abnormal breathing.treatment includes defibrillation, cpr and life support.

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7
Q

what are major blood vessels associated with deoxygenated blood ?

A

-pulmonary artery:right ventricle forces blood into the pulmonary arteries that carry blood to the lungs for purification.
-coronary vein: it carries blood from the heart muscles to the heart
- superior and inferior vena cava- carry deoxygenated blood from the whole body to the heart. the inferior vena cava collects blood from the part of the body lower than the heart and the superior vena cava collects blood from the region of the body above the heart.

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8
Q

what is pericardial fluid and its function?

A

pericardial fluid is present between the heart and its outer sac known as the pericardium to protect the heart from jerks and shocks during contraction.

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9
Q

what is lymph

A

lymph is the fluid that flows in the lymph vessels. Lymph, also called lymphatic fluid, is a collection of the extra fluid that drains from cells and tissues in your body and isn’t reabsorbed into your capillaries.

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10
Q

what are monocytes

A

-contribute to innate immunity acting as the host’s fist line of defence
-produce an inflammatory response and activate adaptive immunity
-monocytes release cytokines and chemokines.these can recognize danger signals or stimuli via their pattern recognition receptors, resulting in phagocytisis.

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11
Q

how many chambers does the heart have and what are their names and functions?

A

the heart has four chambers. The upper two chambers are known as the left and right auricles, and the bottom two are known as the left and right ventricles. The auricles are known as receiving chambers as they receive blood from all parts of the body.The have thin walls and are smaller than ventricles. The ventricles are known as distributing chambers as they pump blood to all parts of the body. They are larger than auricles and have thick, elastic, muscular walls.

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12
Q

what are eosinophils

A

-in blood smears, their nucleus appears to be double lobed and u-shaped.
-eosinophils celles are small granulocytes which are roduced in the bone marrow and make about 2-3% of total WBCs.
-present in high concentrations in the digestive tract
-these cells are responsible for combating parasitic infections and allergic reactions
-red cytoplasm

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13
Q

what are basophils

A

-least common WBC ranging from 0.5 to 1%
-type of granulocyte
-they contain large cytoplasmic granules which play a vital role in producing non-specefic immune resposes to pathogens and to allergens by releasing histamine and dialating the rbcs.
-during allergic reactions basophils release histamine and heparin.Histamine enlarges your blood vessels to improve blood flow and heal the effected area.it also secretes seratonin to induce inflammation.
-purplish black cytoplasm

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14
Q

what is palpitation?

A

rapid forceful beating of the heart or arrythmia is known as palpitations.the patient is conscious during this and there can be several causes for it, such as danger, tension,drugs or extreme exercise.

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15
Q

what are the four valves and their functions

A

-tricuspid: three cusps, right auricle to right ventricle
-bicuspid valve: two cusps, left auricle to left ventricle
-aortic semilunar valve: the point of origin of the aorta from the left ventricle
-pulmonary semilunar valve: located at the opening of the pulmonary artery from the right ventricle

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16
Q

what are wbcs

A

-also known as leukocytes
-wbcs are colourless and pale due to the absence of haemoglobin
-they have a nucleus
-they are further classified into granulocytes and agranulocytes
-wbcs mainly contributes to immunity and defense mechanism

17
Q

what is the septum

A

the membrane that separates the left side and the right side of the heart is the septum .

18
Q

what is hypertension?

A

high blood pressure in which the blood pressure in the arteries is elevated.

19
Q

what are neutrophils

A

-a type of granulocytes
- have a multi-lobed nucleus
-neutrophils are the most common type of WBC
-neutrophils are phagocytic which means the eat and kill phagocytic cells.they are attracted to bacteria chemically and move through tissues to infection locations
-their granules act like lysosomes when released, digesting cellular macromolecules and killing the neutrophils in the process
-act against bacteria and fungal infection
-red cytoplasm

20
Q

how does tissue fluid flow in lymph

A

in all lymph vessels, tissue fluid flows towards the upper thorax and passes through various lymph nodes that filter bacteria and cell debris.

21
Q

what are platelets

A

-also known as thrombocytes
-second most abundant
-contribute to innate immunity
-also act as effector cells when they interact with pathogens like viruses, bacteria,fungi, and protozoans.
-thy have granules in their cytoplasm
-most prominent function is to coagulate blood

22
Q

what is the main function of the valves

A

the valves permit the flow of blood in one direction only from the auricle to the ventricle and not in the reverse direction. hence these prevent the backflow of blood.

23
Q

draw a flow chart blood circulation.

A

-vena cava collects impure blood
-it supplies it to the right auricle
-from right auricle, it goes into the right ventricle and gets pumped in pulmonary artery
-the pulmonary artery carries the blood to the lungs, where the exchange of gases takes place
-the pure blood is carried by the pulmonary vein to the left auricle, then it goes to the left ventricle where it finally reaches all the parts of the body

24
Q

what are the main blood vessels transporting oxygenated blood?

A

-aorta: carries oxygenated blood from left ventricle to whole body
-pulmonary vein: carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
-coronary artery: carries oxygenated blood to heart muscles

25
Q

what is double circulation.

A

pulmonary circulation:
circulation of impure blood from the right ventricle to the lungs by the pulmonary arteries and pure blood from the lungs to the heart by the pulmonary veins.

systemic circulation
circulation of oxygentaded blood from the left auricle to the left ventricle throught the aorta to all parts of the body and from all parts of the body to the vena cavas and finally back to the right auricle.

26
Q

what are lymhocytes

A

-second most common
-spherical shape, big nuclei and very little cytoplasm
- t-cells, b-cells and natural killer cells are the three main types of lymphocytes
-T cells and B cells are required for specialized immune response while natural killer cells provide general cells

27
Q

what is blood determined by?

A

it is detemined by the antigens on blood.there are two different types of antigens, A, and B,.there are hence four types of blood. Blood type a, Blood type B, Blood type A and B and finally O the absence of antigens.

28
Q

what is the sinoatrial node and its other name?

A

pacemaker
the heart is a muscular organ made up of special cardiac muscles.it shows continuous contraction and relaxation throughout our lives.these movements are initiated by electrical impulses sent by the sinoatrial node.it is located on the wall f the right atrium and the electrical impulses are relayed by special conducting fibres.

29
Q

what are RBCs

A

-also known as erythrocytes
-round and disc-like bi-concave cells without nucleus
-contains iron-rich protein called haemoglobin, so they appear red.
-RBCs are the most abundant blood cells produced in bone marrow
-their main function is to transport oxygen to various tissues and organs

30
Q

what is blood?

A

blood is the fluid connective tissue composed of blood cells, plasma and platelets.It circulates through the circullatory system of humans,delivering nutrients and oxygen to different tissues and cells.It also passes metabolic waste products away from the very same cells.On an average, the blood constitutes about 8% of the body mass of the body, and an adult’s body has around 5-6 litres of blood.