Circulatory system Flashcards
what is blood composed of
blood comprises of blood cells suspended in the blood plasma.Plasma accounts for 55% of the volume of the blood, it mainly comprises glucose,protiens hormones minral ions carbon dioxide and even blood cells.In plasma, albuim is the cheif protein.Mainlt, blood cells ar RBCs ,WBCs and platelets.
what is the purpose of double circulation
double circulation helps to provide high oxygen content throughout the body due to the separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
what is lymph composed of
-do not have RBCs and hence is pale and clear
-lymph has a large number of leukocytes, mostly lymphocytes are present.
-lymph do not contain platelets
-upto 94% of lymph is water
what is intercellular fluid
as the blood flows through the capillaries, the plasma and the WBCs leak out of the walls. this fluid bathes the cells and is called issue or intercellular fluid. It is from this fluid that the cells absorb oxygen and other materials, and carbondioxide alongwith other wastes are returned to it.
why do lymph vessels have valves
to prevent backflow of blood
what is a cardiac arrest
a cardiac arrest occurs when the haert completely stops beating because the supply of blood to the heart is completeely stopped.as a result part of the cardiac muscle stops working and the heart is permanently damaged.IN addition, reduced blood flow is observed due to the deposition of cholesterol a type of fatty tissue and calcium to the walls of the arteries.symptoms include the sudden loss of consiousness, palpitation and abnormal breathing.treatment includes defibrillation, cpr and life support.
what are major blood vessels associated with deoxygenated blood ?
-pulmonary artery:right ventricle forces blood into the pulmonary arteries that carry blood to the lungs for purification.
-coronary vein: it carries blood from the heart muscles to the heart
- superior and inferior vena cava- carry deoxygenated blood from the whole body to the heart. the inferior vena cava collects blood from the part of the body lower than the heart and the superior vena cava collects blood from the region of the body above the heart.
what is pericardial fluid and its function?
pericardial fluid is present between the heart and its outer sac known as the pericardium to protect the heart from jerks and shocks during contraction.
what is lymph
lymph is the fluid that flows in the lymph vessels. Lymph, also called lymphatic fluid, is a collection of the extra fluid that drains from cells and tissues in your body and isn’t reabsorbed into your capillaries.
what are monocytes
-contribute to innate immunity acting as the host’s fist line of defence
-produce an inflammatory response and activate adaptive immunity
-monocytes release cytokines and chemokines.these can recognize danger signals or stimuli via their pattern recognition receptors, resulting in phagocytisis.
how many chambers does the heart have and what are their names and functions?
the heart has four chambers. The upper two chambers are known as the left and right auricles, and the bottom two are known as the left and right ventricles. The auricles are known as receiving chambers as they receive blood from all parts of the body.The have thin walls and are smaller than ventricles. The ventricles are known as distributing chambers as they pump blood to all parts of the body. They are larger than auricles and have thick, elastic, muscular walls.
what are eosinophils
-in blood smears, their nucleus appears to be double lobed and u-shaped.
-eosinophils celles are small granulocytes which are roduced in the bone marrow and make about 2-3% of total WBCs.
-present in high concentrations in the digestive tract
-these cells are responsible for combating parasitic infections and allergic reactions
-red cytoplasm
what are basophils
-least common WBC ranging from 0.5 to 1%
-type of granulocyte
-they contain large cytoplasmic granules which play a vital role in producing non-specefic immune resposes to pathogens and to allergens by releasing histamine and dialating the rbcs.
-during allergic reactions basophils release histamine and heparin.Histamine enlarges your blood vessels to improve blood flow and heal the effected area.it also secretes seratonin to induce inflammation.
-purplish black cytoplasm
what is palpitation?
rapid forceful beating of the heart or arrythmia is known as palpitations.the patient is conscious during this and there can be several causes for it, such as danger, tension,drugs or extreme exercise.
what are the four valves and their functions
-tricuspid: three cusps, right auricle to right ventricle
-bicuspid valve: two cusps, left auricle to left ventricle
-aortic semilunar valve: the point of origin of the aorta from the left ventricle
-pulmonary semilunar valve: located at the opening of the pulmonary artery from the right ventricle
what are wbcs
-also known as leukocytes
-wbcs are colourless and pale due to the absence of haemoglobin
-they have a nucleus
-they are further classified into granulocytes and agranulocytes
-wbcs mainly contributes to immunity and defense mechanism
what is the septum
the membrane that separates the left side and the right side of the heart is the septum .
what is hypertension?
high blood pressure in which the blood pressure in the arteries is elevated.
what are neutrophils
-a type of granulocytes
- have a multi-lobed nucleus
-neutrophils are the most common type of WBC
-neutrophils are phagocytic which means the eat and kill phagocytic cells.they are attracted to bacteria chemically and move through tissues to infection locations
-their granules act like lysosomes when released, digesting cellular macromolecules and killing the neutrophils in the process
-act against bacteria and fungal infection
-red cytoplasm
how does tissue fluid flow in lymph
in all lymph vessels, tissue fluid flows towards the upper thorax and passes through various lymph nodes that filter bacteria and cell debris.
what are platelets
-also known as thrombocytes
-second most abundant
-contribute to innate immunity
-also act as effector cells when they interact with pathogens like viruses, bacteria,fungi, and protozoans.
-thy have granules in their cytoplasm
-most prominent function is to coagulate blood
what is the main function of the valves
the valves permit the flow of blood in one direction only from the auricle to the ventricle and not in the reverse direction. hence these prevent the backflow of blood.
draw a flow chart blood circulation.
-vena cava collects impure blood
-it supplies it to the right auricle
-from right auricle, it goes into the right ventricle and gets pumped in pulmonary artery
-the pulmonary artery carries the blood to the lungs, where the exchange of gases takes place
-the pure blood is carried by the pulmonary vein to the left auricle, then it goes to the left ventricle where it finally reaches all the parts of the body
what are the main blood vessels transporting oxygenated blood?
-aorta: carries oxygenated blood from left ventricle to whole body
-pulmonary vein: carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
-coronary artery: carries oxygenated blood to heart muscles
