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Anatomy and Physiology > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

How does hormone release process work?

A

Endocrine gland
Bloodstream
Target organs

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2
Q

What is a hormone and what is their function?

A

Body’s chemical messengers
Communicate with specific organs
Instigate a process within

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3
Q

What else can stimulate hormone release (other than hormones)?

A

Stimulation by signals from nervous system (e.g. induced ovulation)

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4
Q

3 chemical structures of hormones?

A

Amines - from amino acids
Protein (peptides) - from chains of amino acids
Steroid - from cholesterol

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5
Q

Name of hormone glands (6)

A

Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland (2)
Adrenal gland (2)
Pancreas
Ovary (2)
Testes (2)

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6
Q

Location of pituitary gland

A

Forebrain
Ventral to hypothalamus

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7
Q

Location of 2 thyroid glands

A

Midline and ventrally over the first rings of trachea

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8
Q

Location of 2 adrenal glands

A

On the cranial pole of each kidney

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9
Q

Location of pancreas

A

Loop of duodenum

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10
Q

Structure of pancreas?

A

Pink lobular gland

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11
Q

Location of 2 ovaries

A

Dorsally and bilaterally within the abdomen

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12
Q

Location of 2 testes

A

Lie within the scrotum

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13
Q

Function of pituitary gland

A

Controls actions of many other glands

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14
Q

What is connected to pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamus by infundibulum

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15
Q

Function of hypothalamus

A

Direct link between 2 control systems: nervous and endocrine

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16
Q

What hormones are secreted in the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Oxytocin
Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)

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17
Q

What hormones are secreted in the anterior pituitary gland? (6)

A

Growth hormone (GH)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Follicle stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinising Hormone/ Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (LH/ICSH)
Prolactin

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18
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH): Target

A

Thyroid gland

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19
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH): Function

A

Stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroxine

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20
Q

Growth Hormone (GH): Target

A

Tissues/ mainly bones

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21
Q

Growth Hormone (GH): Functions (2)

A
  1. Growth of bones
  2. Synthesis of new protein
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22
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): Target

A

Cortex of adrenal gland

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23
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): Function

A

Help the adrenal cortex release corticosteroids

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24
Q

Prolactin: Target

A

Mammary glands

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25
Q

Prolactin: Functions (2)

A
  1. Stimulates development of mammary glands
  2. Production of milk
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26
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH): Target

A

Germ cells of the ovaries/ Seminiferous tubules of the testes

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27
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH): Function

A

Stimulates development of the follicle in ovary/ sperm in the seminiferous tubules of testes

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28
Q

Luteinising hormone/ Interstitial cell stimulating: Target

A

Follicle of the ovaries (F)/ Interstitial cells of testes (M)

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29
Q

Luteinising hormone/ Interstitial cell stimulating: Function

A

Ovulation & development of corpus luteum in ovary (F)

Stimulates production of testosterone by interstitial cells of testes (M)

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30
Q

Anti-Diuretic Hormone ADH: Target

A

Distal convoluted tubules & collecting ducts of kidneys

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31
Q

Anti-Diuretic Hormone ADH: Function

A

Makes DCT and CD of kidneys more permeable to water
So water can move back into circulation

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32
Q

Oxytocin: Target

A

Smooth muscle of uterine wall

Mammary glands

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33
Q

Oxytocin: Function (2)

A

Smooth muscle wall of uterus to contract at parturition

Stimulates let-down of milk from mammary glands

34
Q

Hormones secreted by Thyroid gland

A

Thyroxine & Calcitonin

35
Q

Thyroxine T4: Target

A

All systems of body

36
Q

Thyroxine T4: Functions (4)

A
  1. Increases oxygen use by cells
  2. Increases carb breakdown
  3. Increases metabolic rate
  4. Promotion of growth
37
Q

Calcitonin: Target

A

Blood and bones

38
Q

Calcitonin: Function

A

Lowers amount of calcium in blood by decreasing rate of resorption of calcium by kidneys

39
Q

Location of parathyroid gland

A

Either side of thyroid glands, in pairs

40
Q

What is secretion of parathormone dependent on?

A

Levels of calcium detected in blood

41
Q

Parathormone: Gland

A

Parathyroid gland

42
Q

Parathormone: Targets (2)

A

Digestive system and bones

43
Q

Parathormone: Function (2)

A

Reabsorption of calcium from bones and increases calcium uptake from digestion

44
Q

Name of endocrine cells in pancreas?

A

Islets of langerhans

45
Q

Hormones released by pancreas

A

Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin

46
Q

Regions of pancreas

A

Left lobe
Right lobe
Body

47
Q

3 main cells that make up the islets of Langerhans?

A

Alpha cells (glucagon)
Beta cells (insulin)
Delta cells (somatostatin)

48
Q

Insulin: Target

A

Most cells except RBC

49
Q

Insulin: Function

A

Increases uptake of glucose by cells
Causes glucose to be converted in2 glycogen and stored in liver & muscle cells

50
Q

Glucagon: Targets (2)

A

Liver and muscles

51
Q

Glucagon: Function

A

Converts glycogen back into glucose

52
Q

Somatostatin: Target

A

Alpha & Beta cells

53
Q

Somatostatin: Function (2)

A

Regulates insulin & glucagon secretion to avoid spikes in glucose

Decreases gut motility

54
Q

2 areas of adrenal glands

A

Outer cortex and inner medulla

55
Q

Produced by adrenal medulla glands?

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

56
Q

Produced by adrenal cortex glands?

A

Glucocorticoids e.g. cortisol
Mineralocorticoids e.g. aldesterone

57
Q

Adrenaline and noradrenaline: Targets (4)

A

Heart
Blood vessels
Airways
Gut

58
Q

Adrenaline and noradrenaline: Function

A

Involved in fight, flight and fright response

59
Q

Glucocorticoids e.g. cortisol: Target

A

Many tissues

60
Q

Glucocorticoids e.g. cortisol: Function

A

Reduce glucose uptake by cells

Raising BGL

61
Q

Mineralocorticoids e.g. aldosterone: Target

A

DCT of kidney

62
Q

Mineralocorticoids e.g. aldosterone: Function

A

Increases sodium & water reabsorption

Thus raising blood pressure

63
Q

Hormones secreted by ovaries?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

64
Q

Oestrogen: Target (4)

A

Reproductive tract
Pituitary gland
Mammary tissues
Behavioural centres

65
Q

Oestrogen: Function (4)

A

Prepares the reprod. tract for mating
Inhibits release of FSH by pituitary gland
Encourages development of mammary tissues
Causes behavioural changes linked with oestrus

66
Q

Progesterone: Target

A

Reproductive tract & hypothalamus

67
Q

Progesterone: Function

A

Inhibits further development of follicles

Prepares and maintains the reproductive tract and pregnancy

68
Q

Testosterone: Target

A

Diff tissues and behavioural centres

69
Q

Testosterone: Function

A

Stimulates sperm production

Male behavioural characteristics and libido

Development of male sexual characteristics

70
Q

Homeostatis

A

Constant internal environment within the body: from int/ext environment

71
Q

What maintains homeostatis?

A

Control systems: endocrine and nervous system

72
Q

Example of endocrine mechanism of homeostatis?

A

Control of blood sugar levels

73
Q

A rise in blood sugar levels is caused by…

A

Release of insulin from pancreas

Which in turn causes
Uptake of glucose from blood by cells

74
Q

A fall in blood sugar levels is caused by …

A

Release of glucagon from pancreas
which in turn causes

Conversion of glycogen in the liver into glucose for release into the blood stream

75
Q

Example of nervous mechanism of homestatis

A

Thermoregulation

76
Q

What happens when body temp drops?

A

Vasoconstriction: reduces heat loss
from evaporation & radiation

77
Q

What happens when body temp rises?

A

Vasodilation: increases heat loss from evaporation and radiation

78
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Away from set point

Return to set point

Corrective measures are switched off

79
Q

Example of negative feedback mechanism?

A

Control of blood glucose levels

80
Q

Example of positive feedback mechanism?

A

Hormone oxytocin
Uterine contractions
Amplifying mechanism

Anatomy and Physiology (9 decks)

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