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Histology 2ndYR 1stSem Midterms > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Pituitary Gland is found where?

A

Sphenoid Bone

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2
Q

Two lobes of the pituitary gland

A

Anterior & Posterior

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3
Q

Parts of the Anterior Pituitary lobe

A

1.) Pars Tuberalis
2.) Pars Intermedia
3.) Parrs Distalis

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4
Q

Pituitary Lobe directly connected to the hypothalamus

A

Posterior Lobe

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5
Q

Posterior Pituitary Lobe and Hypothalamus is connected by what?

A

Infundibulum

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6
Q

Produces hormones that stimulate and release pituitary hormones

A

Hypothalamus

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7
Q

Which hormones does the Posterior pituitary lobe produce?

A

None. Posterior lobe only stores hormones.

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8
Q

Anterior Pituitary lobe is derived from where?

A

From an outgrowth of oral mucosa (Rathke’s Pouch)

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9
Q

Major cell types in the Anterior pituitary lobe

A

Alpha cells & Beta cells

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10
Q

2 Alpha cells in the Anterior pituitary lobe

A

Somatotrophs & Lactotrophs

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11
Q

4 Beta cells in the Anterior pituitary lobe

A

-Gonadotrophs
-Thyrotrophs
-Corticotrophs
-Chromophobe

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12
Q
  • Biggest part of the Anterior pituitary lobe
  • produces almost all hormones secreted by the pituitary gland
A

Pars Distalis (75%)

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13
Q

Forms sleeve around pituitary stalk of neurohypophysis

A

Pars Tuberalis

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14
Q

Cells of Pars Tuberalis are mostly composed of?

A

Gonadotrophs

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15
Q

Separates the anterior and posterior lobe of pituitary gland

A

Pars Intermedia

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16
Q

What do you call the follicles in the Pars Intermedia

A

Rathke’s cysts

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17
Q

What does the Pars Intermedia produce?

A

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone

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18
Q

Posterior pituitary gland is derived from?

A

Neural Ectoderm

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19
Q

Most numerous cells in posterior pituitary gland

A

Pituicytes

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20
Q

Focal axonal swellings packed with secretory granules

A

Neurosecretory Bodies

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21
Q

Neurosecretory bodies are a.k.a?

A

Herring Bodies

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22
Q

Small, cone shaped gland that arises as evagination from roof of diencephalon

A

Pineal Gland

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23
Q

Hormone produced by pinealocytes

A

Melatonin

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24
Q

Secretion of Melatonin is:

1.) Stimulated by ______
2.) Inhibited by _____

A

1.) Darkness
2.) Light

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25
Q

Cells of Pineal Gland

A

Pinealocytes (95%) & Interstitial cells (5%)

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26
Q

Largest Endocrine Gland

A

Thyroid Gland

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27
Q

Thyroid Gland arises as?

A

Epithelial invagination at base of tongue

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28
Q

Right and Left lobe of Thyroid gland is connected by the?

A

Isthmus

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29
Q

Hormones produced by Thyroid (follicular cells)

A
  • TRH
  • TSH
  • T3
  • T4
30
Q

Hormone released by parafollicular cells of Thyroid

A

Calcitonin

31
Q

Function of Calcitonin

A
  • Lowers blood calcium levels
  • Inhibits bone resorption by directly suppressing osteoclasts
32
Q

Divides Thyroid into poorly-defined lobules

A

Septae

33
Q

Yellowish-brown, tiny, ovoid bodies attached to posterior surface of thyroid

A

Parathyroid Gland

34
Q

Superior parathyroid glands arise from where?

A

Fourth pharyngeal pouch

35
Q

Inferior parathyroid glands arise from where?

A

Third pharyngeal pouch

36
Q

Principal/Active cells of the Parathyroid gland

A

Chief Cells

37
Q

Non-active cells of the Parathyroid gland

A

Oxyphil Cells

38
Q

Hormone produced by Parathyroid Gland

A

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

39
Q

Function of PTH

A

Regulates blood calcium level

40
Q

Indentation at the middle of the anteromedial aspect of the Adrenal Gland

A

Hilus

41
Q

3 parts of the Adrenal Cortex

A

1.) Zona Glomerulosa
2.) Zona Fasciculata
3.) Zona Reticularis

42
Q

Outer layer of Adrenal Gland (surrounded by capsule)

A

Adrenal Cortex

43
Q
  • Covers the Adrenal Gland
  • Rich in Reticular Fibers
  • Elements penetrate up to Medulla
A

Adrenal Cappsule

44
Q

What does the Zona Glomerulosa produce?

A

Mineralocorticoids

45
Q

What does the Zona Fasciculata produce?

A

Glucocorticoids

46
Q

What does the Zona Reticularis produce?

A

Androgens

47
Q

Thickest layer of the Adrenal cortex

A

Zona Fasciculata(78%)

48
Q

Cells of the Zona Fasciculata are called?

A

Spongiocytes

49
Q

Zona Glomerulosa takes up __% of the Adrenal Cortex

A

15%

50
Q

Thinnest and Innermost layer of the Adrenal Cortex

A

Zona Reticularis

51
Q

Cells in the Zona Fasciculata are arranged how?

A

Arranged in long, thin straight cords perpendicular to capsule

52
Q

Cords in the Zona Fasciculata are separated by?

A

Sinusoids

53
Q

Cells in the Zona Reticularis are arranged how?

A

Arranged in short anastomosing cords

54
Q

Layer of the Adrenal Gland not essential for life

A

Adrenal Medulla

55
Q

The adrenal medulla comprises only ____% of adrenal gland

A

10% - 20%

56
Q

Most of the Adrenal Medulla are composed of what cells

A

Chromaffin Cells

57
Q

What do Chromafin cells synthesize?

A

Bioactive amines & Peptides

58
Q

What is secreted by 90% of chromaffin cells

A

Epinephrine

59
Q

What is secreted by 10% of chromaffin cells

A

Norepinephrine

60
Q

Both an Exocrine and Endocrine gland

A

Pancreas

61
Q

Endocrine portion of the Pancreas

A

Islet of Langerhans

62
Q

Islet of Langerhans only take up _% of the Pancreas

A

2%

63
Q

Aggregations of pale-staining cells scattered throughout darker staining cells of exocrine pancreas

A

Islet of Langerhans

64
Q

Most numerous cells in Islet of Langerhans

A

Beta Cells (60-70%)

65
Q

About 20% of cells in Islet of Langerhans

A

Alpha Cell

66
Q

About 5% of cells in Islet of Langerhans

A

Delta Cell

67
Q

Rare cells in Islet of Langerhans (a.k.a PP Cell)

A

F Cell

68
Q

What hormones are stored in the Posterior pituitary lobe

A

Anitdiuretic Hormone (ADH) & Oxytocin

69
Q

What produces ADH which is then stored in the posterior pituitary lobe?

A

Supraoptic Nuclei of the Hypothalamus

70
Q

What produces Oxytocin which is then stored in the posterior pituitary lobe?

A

Paraventricular Nuclei of the Hypothalamus

Histology 2ndYR 1stSem Midterms (5 decks)

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