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Biology 202 > endocrine system > Flashcards

endocrine system Flashcards

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1
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers secreted into the blood
stream, act on cells far away

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2
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Released by nerves to affect cells

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3
Q

target organ cells

A

Cells acted on by hormones

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4
Q

endocrine glands

A

secrete chemicals(hormones) into the blood

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5
Q

what type of control do hormones perform?

A

slower longer lasting type of control

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6
Q

nonsteroid hormones

A

(first messengers) bind to receptors on the target cell mambrane

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7
Q

steroid hormones

A

bind to receptors within the target cell nucleus

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8
Q

negative feedback

A

mechanisms that
reverse the direction of a change in a
physiological system

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9
Q

positive feedback

A

(less common)
mechanisms that amplify physiological
changes

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10
Q

hypersecretion

A

secretion of an excess of
hormone

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11
Q

hyposecretion

A

insufficient hormone
secretion

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12
Q

target cell insensitivity

A

produces results similar to hyposecretion

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13
Q

what hormones does the anterior pituitary gland store?

A

antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

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14
Q

what hormones does the anterior pituitary gland produce?

A

• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
• Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
• Luteinizing hormone (LH)
• Growth hormone (GH)
• Prolactin (lactogenic hormone)

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15
Q

Thyroid hormone

A

controls metabolic rate, alertness, bone growth, growth of skin, hair, teeth, nails, fetal nervous system. Also feeds back to the pituitary to secrete growth hormone

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16
Q

parathyroid glands

A

regulates calcium metabolism
hormone: parathyroid hormonencreases blood
calcium concentration by increasing the
breakdown of bone (by osteoclasts) with
the release of calcium into the blood

17
Q

thyroid gland

A

hormones: Thyroid hormone, thyroxine (T4) and
triiodothyronine (T3), Calcitonin- Stimulates osteoblasts

18
Q

calcitonin

A

decreases the blood calcium
concentration by inhibiting breakdown of
bone, which would release calcium into the
blood

19
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

(hypersecretion of thyroid
hormones) increases metabolic rate
– Characterized by restlessness and
exophthalmos (protruding eyes)
– Graves’ disease is an inherited form of
hyperthyroidism

20
Q

hypothyroidism

A

(hyposecretion of thyroid
hormones)
– May result from different conditions
– Simple goiter—painless enlargement of
thyroid caused by dietary deficiency of iodine
– Hyposecretion during early development may
result in impaired cognitive development, and
during adulthood in myxedema (characterized
by edema and sluggishness)

21
Q

adrenal gland

A

medulla makes epinephrine,
cortex makes mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids,
and sex hormones

22
Q

adrenal cortex

A

Secretes mineral corticoids, glucocorticoids,
and sex hormones
– Under control of hypothalamus and
pituitary

23
Q

adrenal medulla

A

Secretes epinephrine, norepineprine(help the body resist stress by intensifying and prolonging the
effects of sympathetic stimulation)– Under control of Autonomic nervous
system

24
Q

three layers of adrenal glands

A

Outer layer—secretes mineralocorticoids
• Middle layer—secretes glucocorticoids
• Inner layer—secretes sex hormones

25
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

increase blood sodium
and decrease body potassium concentrations
by accelerating kidney tubule reabsorption of
sodium and excretion of potassium

26
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Act with epinephrine and norepinephrine to
produce an anti-inflammatory effect, to bring
about normal recovery from inflammations of
various kinds
• Produce anti-immunity, anti-allergy effectSecretion of glucocorticoid quickly increases
when the body is thrown into a condition of
stress

27
Q

pancreas

A

Pancreas is mainly an exocrine digestive gland.
However, it is also and endocrine gland.

28
Q

islets

A

The
endocrine cells called islet or islands of
Langerhan that make insulin, glucagon, and
somatostatin

29
Q

insulin

A

from beta cells
– Hypoglycemic hormone
– LOWERS blood sugar

30
Q

glucagon

A

from alpha cells
– Stimulates breakdown of fat, proteins
– RAISES blood sugar

31
Q

somatostatin

A

inhibits both insulin and glucagon secretion

32
Q

diabetes

A

Type 1 results from hypo-secretion of insulin
– Type 2 results from target cell insensitivity to
insulin

Biology 202 (3 decks)

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