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Biology 202 > Cardiac > Flashcards

Cardiac Flashcards

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1
Q

Where does the heart sit?

A

in the mediastinum which is the area between the lungs

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2
Q

Superior

A

base

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3
Q

inferior

A

apex

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4
Q

what is the function of the azygous vain?

A

carries blood from walls of upper abdomen and upper lower back back to heart.
drain tissue between the lungs

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5
Q

What is the heart enclosed in?

A

sac called the pericardium

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6
Q

what are the 3 layers of the heart?

A

– Epicardium- External membrane
• visceral pericardium
– Endocardium- endothelium
– Myocardium- cardiac muscle

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7
Q

what does a septum separate?

A

separates the right and left sides
of the heart, this is called the atrial and
ventricular septum

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8
Q

What do valves separate?

A

separate the atria from the ventricle

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9
Q

Right A-V valve

A

tricuspid

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10
Q

Left A-V valve

A

bicuspid

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11
Q

pulmonary valve

A

opening into Pulmonary
artery

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12
Q

aortic valve

A

opening into the aorta

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13
Q

What are the four chamber of the heart?

A

– Right Atrium
– Left Atrium
– Right Ventricle
– Left Ventricle

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14
Q

right and left atria

A

— two superior, posterior
chambers
— receive blood returning to
heart

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15
Q

right and left ventricles

A

— two inferior chambers
— pump blood into arteries

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16
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

Pumps venous (deoxygenated) blood to the
lungs

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17
Q

Systemic circuit

A

Pumps (oxygenated) blood to the rest of the
body

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18
Q

pulmonary artery

A

Artery that carries “VENOUS” (deoxygenated)
blood

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19
Q

pulmonary vein

A

Vein that carries “ARTERIAL” (oxygenated)
blood

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20
Q

does cardiac muscle require aerobic respiration?

A

Yes,Because of this, the heart does not fatigue
easily. Downside is, the heart is very
sensitive to limitation of the oxygen supply

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21
Q

Where does the heart get its metabolic blood supply from?

A

The left and right coronary arteries, which
are the first branches off the aorta as it
leaves the heart.
• Compromise of this blood flow is called
coronary artery disease (CAD)

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22
Q

What is Ischemia?

A

Not enough Oxygen being delivered to the
tissue.

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23
Q

What is the result of ischemia?

A

If prolonged, the oxygen starved tissue dies
(necrosis or infarction)

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24
Q

Is ischemia reversible?

A

Ischemia is reversible, necrosis
(infarction) is not

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25
Q

What is the cardiac conduction system?

A

cardiac conduction system is a path of
myocytes that are auto-rhythmic and
conduct action potentials.

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26
Q

what is an action potential?

A

a wave of depolarization

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27
Q

What 3 waves are produced during the cardiac cycle?

A

P wave, QRS complex and T wave

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28
Q

P Wave

A

caused by atrial depolarization

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29
Q

QRS Complex

A

caused by ventricular depolarization

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30
Q

T Wave

A

results from ventricular repolarization

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31
Q

what is systole?

A

ventricular contraction

32
Q

what is diastole?

A

ventricular relaxation

33
Q

What is normal sinus rhythm?

A

set by SA node at 60 – 100 bpm
•adult at rest is 70 to 80 bpm (vagal inhibition)

34
Q

What is arrhythmia?

A

abnormal cardiac rhythm, anything that is
not NSR

35
Q

what is tachycardia?

A

resting adult HR above 100
•stress, anxiety, drugs, heart disease or rise body temp.

36
Q

what is bradycardia?

A

resting adult HR < 60
•in sleep and endurance trained athletes

37
Q

What is an infants HR?

A

120 bpm or more

38
Q

what is pulse?

A

surge of pressure in artery

39
Q

do positive chronotropic agents raise or lower HR?

A

raise HR

40
Q

do negative chronotropic agents raise or lower HR?

A

lower HR

41
Q

cardiac center of medulla oblongota

A

an autonomic control center with two neuronal pools:
a cardioacceleratory center (sympathetic), and a
cardioinhibitory center (parasympathetic)

42
Q

Cardioacceleratory center

A

stimulates sympathetic cardiac nerves to SA node, AV
node and myocardium

43
Q

what does norepinephrine bind to?

A

-adrenergic receptors in the heart (positive
chronotropic effect)

44
Q

Cardioinhibitory center

A

stimulates vagus nerves

45
Q

what does the left vagus nerve secrete?

A

secretes ACH (acetylcholine) which binds to
muscarinic receptors

46
Q

vagal tone

A

background firing rate holds HR
to sinus rhythm of 70 to 80 bpm

47
Q

what is the lubb-dubb sound called?

A

auscultation

48
Q

when does the Lubb sound occur?

A

S1 = closing of AV valves

49
Q

When does the Dubb sound occur?

A

S2= closing of aortic and pulmonic
valves, and reopening of AV valves

50
Q

what is the period between S1 and S2 is called?

A

Systole (higher BP)- ventricular ejection

51
Q

What is the amount of blood ejected called?

A

stroke volume

52
Q

what is normal stroke volume?

A

70mL

53
Q

The interval from S2 to the next S1 is called?

A

– Diastole (lower BP)- ventricular filling

54
Q

what is cardiac output?

A

Amount ejected by ventricle in 1 minute

55
Q

cardiac output equation

A

Heart Rate x Stroke Volume

56
Q

what is normal cardiac output?

A

about 4 to 6L/min at rest

57
Q

what is world class athlete cardiac output?

A

35 L/min

58
Q

what is cardiac reserve

A

difference between a persons
maximum and resting CO
raises with fitness decreases with disease

59
Q

what is the frank starling law of the heart?

A

The greater amount of blood volume returning to the
heart (preload) during diastole (the relaxed phase) the
greater the amount of blood volume ejected out of the
heart (stroke volume) during the systolic(contraction phase).

60
Q

True or false:stretch increases force of
contraction

A

true

61
Q

what are the three factors governing stroke volume?

A

1.Preload (venous return)
2.Contractility (force of heart muscle)
3.Afterload (resistance from blood
pressure)

ex. increased preload or contractility causes higher stroke volume
increased afterload causes decreases stroke volume

62
Q

what is preload?

A

Amount of tension in ventricular myocardium
before it contracts (venous return parallels
preload)
increased preload causes increased force of contraction

63
Q

what is ejection fraction?

A

The percentage of the blood leaving the ventricle
versus the percentage staying

64
Q

ejection fraction equation

A

Ejection frac. = Stroke Volume / EDV (70/120= .58)

65
Q

what is normal resting heart?

A

60%

66
Q

what is normal active heart?

A

90%

67
Q

what are some positive inotropic agents?

A

— hypercalcemia, catecholamines,
glucagon, digitalis

68
Q

what are some negative inotropic agents?

A

— hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia

69
Q

what is inotropy?

A

Contraction force for a given preload

70
Q

preload is the _____ of cardiac output

A

ally

71
Q

afterload is the _____ of cardiac output

A

enemy

72
Q

what is normal HR?

A

70

73
Q

what is normal SV?

A

70

74
Q

what is normal CO?

A

70x70 or 4,900 mL

75
Q

true or false?Things that increase cardiac output,
increase cardiac work

A

true

76
Q

Pulmonary edema-
Left side failure

A

fluid accumulates in pulmonary tissue

77
Q

Systemic edema:
Right sided Failure

A

fluid accumulates in systemic tissue

Biology 202 (3 decks)

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