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DPT Anatomy > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

what does the endocrine system do?

A

act with the nervous system to coordinate activity of body cells
influences metabolic activities via hormones

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2
Q

what are hormones?

A

chemical substance produced by ductless endocrine gland

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3
Q

what are the responses like for hormones vs nervous system?

A

slower but longer lasting

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4
Q

what are endocrine hormones like vs exocrine?

A

endocrine:

  • ductless
  • secretes directly into the blood stream

exocrine:

  • ducts
  • secretes into duct for storage until needed
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5
Q

what does the endocrine system control?

A

reproduction
growth and development
maintenance of electrolytes, water, nutrient balance of blood
regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance
mobilization of body defenses

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6
Q

what structures are endocrine glands?

A 
pituitary
adrenal
thyroid
parathyroid
pancreas
testes and ovaries
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7
Q

what are the other tissues and organs that secrete hormones?

A 
adipose cells
hypothalamus 
cells in walls of small intestine
stomach
liver
kidneys
bone
heart
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8
Q

what is the endocrine chemical signaling?

A

long distance

travels in blood

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9
Q

what is the autocrine chemical signaling?

A

chemicals that exert effects on the same cells that secrete them
(not always hormones)

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10
Q

what is the paracrine chemical signaling?

A

locally acting chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them
(not always hormones)

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11
Q

what are water soluble hormones?

A

all amino acid based hormones EXCEPT thyroid hormone

peptides/proteins, amines

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12
Q

what do water soluble hormones do?

A

act on plasma membrane receptors
act via G protein second messengers
cannot enter cell

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13
Q

what are lipid soluble hormones?

A

steroid and thyroid hormones

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14
Q

what do lipid soluble hormones do?

A

act on intracellular receptors that directly activate genes

can enter cell (act directly on plasma membrane)

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15
Q

which hormones are water soluble and located on the cell surface?

A

amine (epinephrine) and peptide/protein

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16
Q

which hormones are lipid soluble and found intracellular?

A

amine (thyroid hormone)

steroids and vitamin D

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17
Q

what is the connection for the hypothalamus?

A

hypothalamus is connected to pituitary gland (hypophysis) via stalk called infundibulum

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18
Q

what are the two major lobes of the pituitary?

A 
posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)
anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
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19
Q

how does the posterior pituitary maintain neural connection to hypothalamus?

A

via hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

–> arises from neurons in paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei in hypothalamus

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20
Q

what does the posterior pituitary do?

A

stores oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

–> released in response to nerve impulses

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21
Q

what does oxytocin do?

A

“cuddle hormone”

  • stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth - pitocin is artificial form
  • triggers milk ejection
  • regulated by positive feedback
  • stored in the posterior pituitary - made by paraventricular nuclei
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22
Q

what does the antidiuretic hormone do?

A

retain urine
vasopressin vasoconstricts blood vessels
targets renal tubules of the kidneys through cAMP 2nd messenger
- when solute levels return to normal osmoreceptors turn off production of ADH
^ this is negative feedback
diuretics inhibit ADH

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23
Q

what happens when there is an ADH deficiency?

A

diabetes insipidus:

- huge urine output, intense thirst

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24
Q

what inhibits ADH which makes you pee a lot?

A

alcohol

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25
what is the anterior lobe an extension of? what does it consist of?
extension of oral mucosa called Rathke's pouch consists of glandular tissue ** no direct neural contact with the hypothalamus
26
what is the hypophyseal portal system?
capillary system that begins at the hypothalamus and drains into capillaries at the adenohypophysis
27
what are the 6 peptide hormones of the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)?
``` Follicle -stimulating hormone (FSH) Lutenizing hormone (LH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Growth hormone (GH) Prolactin (PRL) Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) ``` "FLAT Gray Possum"
28
what are tropic hormones? what does that mean?
TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH | hormones that regulate secretory action of other endocrine glands
29
What are the direct hormones? what do they do?
GH and PRL | go directly to cells/tissues
30
which hormones from the hypothalmus turn into growth hormone?
growth hormone- releasing hormone | somatostatin
31
which hormones from the hypothalamus turn into prolactin?
prolactin-releasing factor | prolactin-release inhibiting hormone
32
which hormone from the hypothalamus turns into thyroid-stimulating hormone?
thyrotropin-releasing hormone
33
which hormone from the hypothalmus turn into adrenocorticotropic hormone?
corticotropin-releasing hormone
34
which hormone from the hypothalmus turns into luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone?
gonadotropin-releasing hormone
35
where is growth hormone produced?
in the anterior lobe of the pituitary by the somatotropic cells
36
what does growth hormone do?
stimulates liver, muscle, bone and cartilage to produce insulin like growth factors release increased breakdown of fats and glycogen stores for fuel
37
what if there is hypersecretion of GH?
it is secreting more than normal amounts - in children: gigantism (really tall) - in adults: acromegaly (enlarged features)
38
what if there is hyposecretion of GH?
secretes less than normal amounts | - in children: pituitary dwarfism
39
what does thyroid stimulating hormone do?
stimulates normal development and secretory activity of thyroid gland regulation of TSH release stimulates production of thyroid hormones via second messenger system
40
what does adrenocorticotropic hormone do?
stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids via 2nd messenger inhibited by increased levels of glucocorticoids - negative feedback (like a thermostat)
41
what is the function of follicle stimulating hormone FSH?
targets ovaries and testes to stimulate gamete production | "fish" - sperm swim, fish have eggs
42
what does LH do?
in women: triggers ovulation, promotes synthesis, release estrogen and progesterone from ovaries in males: stimulates interstitial cells of testes to produce testosterone FSH and LH in women work together for maturation of ovarian follicle
43
what does prolactin do?
stimulates milk production
44
what does thyroid hormone do?
major metabolic hormone amino acid - direct gene activation increases metabolic rate and body heat production by stimulating enzymes used in glucose metabolism
45
what two iodine containing compounds are in thyroid hormone?
T4- thyroxine | T3 - triiodothyronine
46
what is hypothyroidism?
low secretion of TH adults: Myxedema (lack of iodine): low metabolic rate, chilled, lethargy children: cretinism: mental retardation
47
what is hyperthyroidism?
Grave's disease: autoimmune disease - over production of TSH-like antibodies (goiter) elevated metabolic rate, sweating, nervousness
48
what is calcitonin?
produced by parafollicular cells in thyroid gland released in response to high calcium levels - targets skeleton (inhibits osteoclasts) - stimulates calcium uptake and deposition into bone (lowers blood calcium levels) inhibited by low blood calcium levels via negative feedback
49
what are parathyroid glands?
4-8 tiny glands embedded in posterior thyroid
50
what is parathyroid hormone?
most important hormone in calcium homeostasis | stimulates bone reabsorption - increases calcium levels, activates osteoclasts
51
what is hyperparathyroidism?
bones soften and deform (osteitis fibrosa cystica) | elevated blood calcium depresses nervous system - contributes to kidney stones
52
what is hypoparathyroidism?
increases excitability of muscles | --> results in tetany, respiratory paralysis and possibly death
53
what are adrenal glands and what do they do?
on top of kidney - adrenal hormones help body cope with stressful situations
54
what is the structure and function of the adrenal glands?
two glands in one: 1 - adrenal medulla (inner layer) - nervous tissue - part of sympathetic nervous system 2 - adrenal cortex (outer layer) - three layers of glandular tissue that synthesize and secrete corticosteroids - all hormones produced here work via direct gene activation
55
what are the three layers of the adrenal cortex and the corticosteroids primarily produced within?
``` 1 - zona glomerulosa - minerALocorticoids --- main one: aldosterone 2 - zona fasciculata - glucoCORticoids --- main one: cortisol/hydrocortisone 3 - zona reticularis - gonadocorticoids (sex hormones) --- main ones: androgens (male sex hormones) ```
56
what is the most potent mineralcorticoid?
aldosterone - stimulates Na+ reabsorption and water retention by kidneys - considered an antidiuretic - stimulates K+ excretion/elimination
57
what are glucocorticoids (cortisol)?
keep blood sugar levels constant major group released in stress negative feedback
58
what are gonadocorticoids? (sex hormones)
most are androgens (male sex hormones) | - converted into testosterone in tissue cells or estrogen in females
59
what do androgens contribute to?
onset of puberty appearance of secondary sex characteristics sex drive in females
60
what do acinar cells do (exocrine)?
they produce enzyme rich juice used for digestion
61
what organ has both exocrine and endocrine cells?
pancreas
62
what contains the endocrine cells in the pancreas? | what are their major cell types?
pancreatic islets alpha cells - produce glucagon beta cells - produce insulin gamma cells - secrete somatostatin
63
what causes diabetes mellitus?
hyposecretion or hypoactivity of insulin
64
what are the 3 cardinal signs of DM?
- polyuria: huge urine output - polydipsia: excessive thirst - polyphagia: excessive hunger and food consumption
65
what is type I diabetes?
insulin dependent | early onset, total lack of insulin production
66
what is type II diabetes?
non-insulin dependent late onset inefficient insulin receptors
67
what do paired ovaries in the abdominopelvic cavity produce?
- estrogen: maturation of reproductive organs, appearance of secondary sex characteristics - progesterone: breast development, menstrual cycle
68
for what does the testes produce testosterone?
- initiates maturation of male reproductive organs - causes appearance of secondary sex characteristics - necessary for sperm production - maintain reproductive organs in their functional state
69
what is osteoporosis and what is it associated with?
loss of bone mass | usually in postmenopausal women - decline in estrogen

DPT Anatomy (8 decks)

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