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DPT Anatomy > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

what does the endocrine system do?

A

act with the nervous system to coordinate activity of body cells
influences metabolic activities via hormones

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2
Q

what are hormones?

A

chemical substance produced by ductless endocrine gland

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3
Q

what are the responses like for hormones vs nervous system?

A

slower but longer lasting

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4
Q

what are endocrine hormones like vs exocrine?

A

endocrine:

  • ductless
  • secretes directly into the blood stream

exocrine:

  • ducts
  • secretes into duct for storage until needed
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5
Q

what does the endocrine system control?

A

reproduction
growth and development
maintenance of electrolytes, water, nutrient balance of blood
regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance
mobilization of body defenses

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6
Q

what structures are endocrine glands?

A 
pituitary
adrenal
thyroid
parathyroid
pancreas
testes and ovaries
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7
Q

what are the other tissues and organs that secrete hormones?

A 
adipose cells
hypothalamus 
cells in walls of small intestine
stomach
liver
kidneys
bone
heart
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8
Q

what is the endocrine chemical signaling?

A

long distance

travels in blood

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9
Q

what is the autocrine chemical signaling?

A

chemicals that exert effects on the same cells that secrete them
(not always hormones)

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10
Q

what is the paracrine chemical signaling?

A

locally acting chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them
(not always hormones)

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11
Q

what are water soluble hormones?

A

all amino acid based hormones EXCEPT thyroid hormone

peptides/proteins, amines

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12
Q

what do water soluble hormones do?

A

act on plasma membrane receptors
act via G protein second messengers
cannot enter cell

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13
Q

what are lipid soluble hormones?

A

steroid and thyroid hormones

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14
Q

what do lipid soluble hormones do?

A

act on intracellular receptors that directly activate genes

can enter cell (act directly on plasma membrane)

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15
Q

which hormones are water soluble and located on the cell surface?

A

amine (epinephrine) and peptide/protein

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16
Q

which hormones are lipid soluble and found intracellular?

A

amine (thyroid hormone)

steroids and vitamin D

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17
Q

what is the connection for the hypothalamus?

A

hypothalamus is connected to pituitary gland (hypophysis) via stalk called infundibulum

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18
Q

what are the two major lobes of the pituitary?

A 
posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)
anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
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19
Q

how does the posterior pituitary maintain neural connection to hypothalamus?

A

via hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

–> arises from neurons in paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei in hypothalamus

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20
Q

what does the posterior pituitary do?

A

stores oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

–> released in response to nerve impulses

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21
Q

what does oxytocin do?

A

“cuddle hormone”

  • stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth - pitocin is artificial form
  • triggers milk ejection
  • regulated by positive feedback
  • stored in the posterior pituitary - made by paraventricular nuclei
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22
Q

what does the antidiuretic hormone do?

A

retain urine
vasopressin vasoconstricts blood vessels
targets renal tubules of the kidneys through cAMP 2nd messenger
- when solute levels return to normal osmoreceptors turn off production of ADH
^ this is negative feedback
diuretics inhibit ADH

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23
Q

what happens when there is an ADH deficiency?

A

diabetes insipidus:

- huge urine output, intense thirst

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24
Q

what inhibits ADH which makes you pee a lot?

A

alcohol

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25
Q

what is the anterior lobe an extension of? what does it consist of?

A

extension of oral mucosa called Rathke’s pouch
consists of glandular tissue
** no direct neural contact with the hypothalamus

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26
Q

what is the hypophyseal portal system?

A

capillary system that begins at the hypothalamus and drains into capillaries at the adenohypophysis

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27
Q

what are the 6 peptide hormones of the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)?

A 
Follicle -stimulating hormone (FSH)
Lutenizing hormone (LH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Growth hormone (GH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

“FLAT Gray Possum”

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28
Q

what are tropic hormones? what does that mean?

A

TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH

hormones that regulate secretory action of other endocrine glands

29
Q

What are the direct hormones? what do they do?

A

GH and PRL

go directly to cells/tissues

30
Q

which hormones from the hypothalmus turn into growth hormone?

A

growth hormone- releasing hormone

somatostatin

31
Q

which hormones from the hypothalamus turn into prolactin?

A

prolactin-releasing factor

prolactin-release inhibiting hormone

32
Q

which hormone from the hypothalamus turns into thyroid-stimulating hormone?

A

thyrotropin-releasing hormone

33
Q

which hormone from the hypothalmus turn into adrenocorticotropic hormone?

A

corticotropin-releasing hormone

34
Q

which hormone from the hypothalmus turns into luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone?

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

35
Q

where is growth hormone produced?

A

in the anterior lobe of the pituitary by the somatotropic cells

36
Q

what does growth hormone do?

A

stimulates liver, muscle, bone and cartilage to produce insulin like growth factors
release increased breakdown of fats and glycogen stores for fuel

37
Q

what if there is hypersecretion of GH?

A

it is secreting more than normal amounts

  • in children: gigantism (really tall)
  • in adults: acromegaly (enlarged features)
38
Q

what if there is hyposecretion of GH?

A

secretes less than normal amounts

- in children: pituitary dwarfism

39
Q

what does thyroid stimulating hormone do?

A

stimulates normal development and secretory activity of thyroid gland
regulation of TSH release
stimulates production of thyroid hormones via second messenger system

40
Q

what does adrenocorticotropic hormone do?

A

stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids via 2nd messenger
inhibited by increased levels of glucocorticoids
- negative feedback (like a thermostat)

41
Q

what is the function of follicle stimulating hormone FSH?

A

targets ovaries and testes to stimulate gamete production

“fish” - sperm swim, fish have eggs

42
Q

what does LH do?

A

in women: triggers ovulation, promotes synthesis, release estrogen and progesterone from ovaries
in males: stimulates interstitial cells of testes to produce testosterone

FSH and LH in women work together for maturation of ovarian follicle

43
Q

what does prolactin do?

A

stimulates milk production

44
Q

what does thyroid hormone do?

A

major metabolic hormone
amino acid - direct gene activation
increases metabolic rate and body heat production by stimulating enzymes used in glucose metabolism

45
Q

what two iodine containing compounds are in thyroid hormone?

A

T4- thyroxine

T3 - triiodothyronine

46
Q

what is hypothyroidism?

A

low secretion of TH

adults: Myxedema (lack of iodine): low metabolic rate, chilled, lethargy
children: cretinism: mental retardation

47
Q

what is hyperthyroidism?

A

Grave’s disease: autoimmune disease - over production of TSH-like antibodies (goiter)
elevated metabolic rate, sweating, nervousness

48
Q

what is calcitonin?

A

produced by parafollicular cells in thyroid gland
released in response to high calcium levels
- targets skeleton (inhibits osteoclasts)
- stimulates calcium uptake and deposition into bone (lowers blood calcium levels)
inhibited by low blood calcium levels via negative feedback

49
Q

what are parathyroid glands?

A

4-8 tiny glands embedded in posterior thyroid

50
Q

what is parathyroid hormone?

A

most important hormone in calcium homeostasis

stimulates bone reabsorption - increases calcium levels, activates osteoclasts

51
Q

what is hyperparathyroidism?

A

bones soften and deform (osteitis fibrosa cystica)

elevated blood calcium depresses nervous system - contributes to kidney stones

52
Q

what is hypoparathyroidism?

A

increases excitability of muscles

–> results in tetany, respiratory paralysis and possibly death

53
Q

what are adrenal glands and what do they do?

A

on top of kidney - adrenal hormones help body cope with stressful situations

54
Q

what is the structure and function of the adrenal glands?

A

two glands in one:
1 - adrenal medulla (inner layer)
- nervous tissue
- part of sympathetic nervous system
2 - adrenal cortex (outer layer)
- three layers of glandular tissue that synthesize and secrete corticosteroids
- all hormones produced here work via direct gene activation

55
Q

what are the three layers of the adrenal cortex and the corticosteroids primarily produced within?

A 
1 - zona glomerulosa
- minerALocorticoids
--- main one: aldosterone
2 - zona fasciculata
- glucoCORticoids
--- main one: cortisol/hydrocortisone
3 - zona reticularis
- gonadocorticoids (sex hormones)
--- main ones: androgens (male sex hormones)
56
Q

what is the most potent mineralcorticoid?

A

aldosterone

  • stimulates Na+ reabsorption and water retention by kidneys
  • considered an antidiuretic
  • stimulates K+ excretion/elimination
57
Q

what are glucocorticoids (cortisol)?

A

keep blood sugar levels constant
major group released in stress
negative feedback

58
Q

what are gonadocorticoids? (sex hormones)

A

most are androgens (male sex hormones)

- converted into testosterone in tissue cells or estrogen in females

59
Q

what do androgens contribute to?

A

onset of puberty
appearance of secondary sex characteristics
sex drive in females

60
Q

what do acinar cells do (exocrine)?

A

they produce enzyme rich juice used for digestion

61
Q

what organ has both exocrine and endocrine cells?

A

pancreas

62
Q

what contains the endocrine cells in the pancreas?

what are their major cell types?

A

pancreatic islets
alpha cells - produce glucagon
beta cells - produce insulin
gamma cells - secrete somatostatin

63
Q

what causes diabetes mellitus?

A

hyposecretion or hypoactivity of insulin

64
Q

what are the 3 cardinal signs of DM?

A
  • polyuria: huge urine output
  • polydipsia: excessive thirst
  • polyphagia: excessive hunger and food consumption
65
Q

what is type I diabetes?

A

insulin dependent

early onset, total lack of insulin production

66
Q

what is type II diabetes?

A

non-insulin dependent
late onset
inefficient insulin receptors

67
Q

what do paired ovaries in the abdominopelvic cavity produce?

A
  • estrogen: maturation of reproductive organs, appearance of secondary sex characteristics
  • progesterone: breast development, menstrual cycle
68
Q

for what does the testes produce testosterone?

A
  • initiates maturation of male reproductive organs
  • causes appearance of secondary sex characteristics
  • necessary for sperm production
  • maintain reproductive organs in their functional state
69
Q

what is osteoporosis and what is it associated with?

A

loss of bone mass

usually in postmenopausal women - decline in estrogen

DPT Anatomy (8 decks)

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