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Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Endocrine Glands Purpose

A

They secrete hormone in the bloodstream, where they are able to act on cells and organs throughout the entire body.

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2
Q

Pancreas

A

Responsible for the release of insulin and glucagon, which are major blood glucose regulators.

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3
Q

Pituitary Gland

A
  • Referred to as the “master gland” because the hormones release stimulate other endocrine glands
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4
Q

Thyroid Gland

A
  • Releases hormones that control metabolism- the way that the body uses energy
  • Regulates vital body functions, such as breathing and heart rate
  • Butterfly shape located at the base of the neck
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5
Q

What is oxytocin produces and secreted by

A

Produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary.

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6
Q

Peptide and Steroid Hormons

A
  • Peptide hormones Act on the cell membrane
    • Derived from amino acids
  • Steroid hormones typically act within the cell.
    • Derived from Cholesterol
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7
Q

Peptide Hormones

A
  • Chains of amino acids containing peptide bonds, which often have side chain groups that are either polar or charged, making them hydrophilic.
  • This along with the fact that they are large means that peptide hormones cannot cross the hydrophobic plasma membrane.
  • Since they cannot cross the membrane they must exert their effects outside the cell.
    • They are found on the exterior of the plasma membrane
  • When peptide hormone bind to their receptors; their receptors are part of secondary messenger systems which transmit the extracellular message of a peptide hormone to the intracellular signal that can either turn on of or a process.
  • Since these hormones act and rely on pre-existing proteins in the cell peptide hormones have short durations and quick onset.
  • All major hormones produced in the head and neck are peptide hormones or derived from amino acids
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8
Q

Examples of Peptide Hormones

A
  • Peptide is a protein
  • Hormones that end with IN, such as insulin or oxytocin are peptide hormones
  • Most hormones known by abbreviation such as ACTH or FSH are peptides as well
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9
Q

Steroid Hormones

A
  • “Ster-” oid hormones are derived from chole- “ster” - ol
  • To identify steroid hormones look for the names that contain S,T and R near one another.
    • TestoSTeRone
    • ESTRogen
    • AldoSTeRone
    • CoRTiSol
  • Cholesterol has a large ring system that makes it non polar and insoluble in water
  • Thus, when circling the blood stream steroid hormones are bound to carrier proteins.
  • Once it reaches its target cell it can readily diffuse through the plasma membrane, since both the steroid hormone and the interior of the membrane are hydrophobic.
  • Since diffusion does not require a membrane protien, steroid receptors are often intracellular and found in the cytosol.
  • Once the steroid hormone binds to the receptor, the hormone-receptor complex then migrates to the nucleus where it binds directly to certain regions of the DNA affecting transcription.
    • It can either increase or decrease a genes expression.
    • It affects which protiens and how much the cell will make in the future.
    • Due to the this the onset time of steroid hormones is longer than that of peptide hormones
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10
Q

Pituitary Gland or “Master Gland”

A
  • Two parts
    • Anterior pituitary, which is glandular
    • Posterior pituitary, which is nervous tissue.
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11
Q

Anterior pituitary Gland Hormones

A
  • FLAT PEG
    • The FLAT are called the TROPIC hormones and act indirectly on the target organ. (They act on other glands causing the release of other hormones which then act on the target organ)

F → Follicle Stimulating Hormone

L → Luteinizing Hormone

A → Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

T → Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

PEG refers to three direct hormones, and act DIRECTLY on the hormone with not intermediary gland is needed

P → Prolactin

E → Endorphins (Endogenous Opioids)

G → Growth Hormone (HGH)/ Somatotropin

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12
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone

A

These Hormones act on the gonads: In the ovaries, they are needed for ovulation and in the testes, they promote production of sperm and testosterone.

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13
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A

Stimulates the adrenal cortex

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14
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

Regulates the thyroid

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15
Q

Prolactin

A

Stimulates milk Production in the mammary gland

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16
Q

Endorphins (Endogenous Opioids)

A

Natures natural painkillers

17
Q

Growth Hormone (HGH)/ Somatotropin

A

Stimulates growth and cell reproduction

18
Q

Posterior Pituitary Hormones

A
  • Anti dietetic Hormone (ADH) also known as vasopressin (Reminder the IN it is a peptide hormone)
  • Oxytocin (IN therefore it is a peptide hormone)
19
Q

Anti dieuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

Acts to reduce urine output by directly stimulating water reabsorption in the nephrons of the kidney

20
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • Known as the love or cuddle hormone as it promotes physiology bonding
  • Also triggers uterine contractions during childbirth
    • During childbirth the levels of oxytocin rise which can create a strong mother child bond
    • Also breastfeeding triggers the let down reflex which again leads to the secretion of oxytocin, further facilitating the mother child bond.
21
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Above the pituitary gland
  • Secretes tropic hormones into a specialized capillary bed called the hypophyseal portal system that brings the hormones directly to the pituitary gland
  • Each of the hormones released by the Hypothalamus is linked to production of one or two of the hormones in the anterior pituitary
    • Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
    • Corticotropin-releaseing Hormone (CRH)
    • Thyroid releasing Hormone (TRH)
    • Growth Hormone Releasing hormone (GHRH)
    • ADH and Oxytocin
22
Q

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

A
  • Released by the hypothalamus and acts on the pituitary to increase production of the hormones FSH and LH, which then go to the Gonads
23
Q

Corticotropin-releasing Hormone (CRH)

A
  • Stimulates the pituitary release of ACTH, which then goes to the adrenal cortex
24
Q

Thyroid releasing Hormone (TRH)

A
  • Tells the pituitary to make thyroid stimulating hormone of TSH
25
Q

Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)

A

Tells the pituitary to increase growth hormone levels

26
Q

ADH and Oxytocin secreted from posterior pituitary

A
  • These two have a connection to hypothalamus as well
  • In the connection are axons (neuronal axons)
  • They are peptide hormones that are translated in the soma of neurons located in the hypothalamus, but then they are transported down the axons to the posterior pituitary where they are finally released. (Reminder posterior pituitary is nervous tissue NOT endocrine)
27
Q

Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)

A
  • Produced by the thyroid in response to thyroid stimulating hormone, which sets the basic metabolic rate (how much energy our cells use)
  • They are amino acid derivatives as they are derived by tyrosine, so we would expect them to behave like peptide hormones; however in many cases they behave as if they were steroids
    • This can be explained by the fact that they are hydrophobic and must be carried by plasma portions in the bloodstream and can cross the cell membrane just like steroids
    • UNLIKE steroids they do use a membrane transport protein to help across
  • Thyroid Hormone receptors are intracellular, where they exert their effects via transcriptional regulation just like steroid hormones
28
Q

Thyroid and Calcium Balance

A
  • First the thyroid produces calcitonin which tones down or decreases plasma calcium levels.
    • Does this by stimulating osteoblast, cells that build bones resulting in calcium being pulled from the bloodstream and deposited into the bones
  • Then there are parathyroid which produce parathyroid hormone of PTH
    • PTH acts to stimulate osteoclast activity, which helps break down bones and releasing calcium into the bloodstream
  • Thus, when it comes to calcium balance, the thyroid and parathyroid are antagonistic as they secrete calcitonin and PTH respectively.
29
Q

Adrenal Glands

A
  • Divided into two regions
    • Outer cortex
    • Inner Medulla
30
Q

Adrenal Cortex three Classes of Hormones

A

All hormones produces are steroid Hormones

  • Glucocorticoid
  • Mineralocorticoids
  • Sex Hormones
31
Q

Glucocorticoid

A
  • Gluco - Refers to its role regulating blood glucose levels
  • Cortico - Place of synthesis, the adrenal cortex
  • Oid - tells us its a steroid hormone

Two types of Glucocorticoid signals:

  • Cortisol
  • Cortisone
  • They both reduce inflammation and they are often prescribed to suppress the immune system; however this can result in an artificially high blood glucose level
32
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A
  • Act on minerals (salts)
  • Main one is aldosterone
    • Promotes sodium reabsorption in kidneys
33
Q

Sex Hormones

A

Antigens and estrogens

34
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A
  • Deeper region of the adrenals
  • Produce epinephrine and norepinephrine
35
Q

Pancreas and Endocrine hormones

A
  • Alpha cells secrete glucagon
  • Beta cells secrete insulin
  • Delta cells secrete somatostatin
  • Insulin reduces blood glucose levels, promoting cells to take up glucose
  • Glucagon increases blood glucose levels by promoting gluconeogensis and glycogen breakdown in the liver
36
Q

Somatostatin

A

Powerful inhibitory enzyme, which

  • slows down the digestive tract
  • Inhibits the effect of growth hormone
  • Inhibits the release of insulin and glucagon
37
Q

Gonads Glands

A
  • Major sex hormones are estrogen, progesterone and testosterone
  • Estrogen → Promotes maturation of follicles in the ovary
  • Progesterone → Prepares the uterus for implantation
  • Testosterone → Is required for sperm production

Three facts about gonadal hormones

  • ALL the sex hormones produced in the gonads are steroids
  • All three major sex hormones have powerful effects throughout the body
  • Regardless of gender, everyone needs all three of these hormones!
38
Q

Negative Feedback in the Endocrine System

A
  • The hypothalamus produces CRH, which tells the pituitary to produce ACTH, which tells the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol
    • Some of that cortisol can then travel back to the pituitary gland, where it inhibits ACTH release and to the hypothalamus where it inhibits CRH
  • In this way it helps the body maintain homeostasis and avoids the waste of resources

Biology (10 decks)

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