Cellular Structures

Question 1

Nucleus

Answer 1

• Nucleus of an eukaryotic cells is like the building executive office
• With the nucleus is the nucleolus
  
  • Where the ribosomal RMA is made, which forms ribisomoms, which makes proteins
• The nucleus membrane or nuclear envelope is like a reinforced wall.
  
  • It is a double-membrane that keeps the environment within the nucleus separate from the rest of cell interior
• The nuclear pores work like secure doors, only allowing materials to pass through in either direction

Question 2

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 2

• Has membrane that are contiguous with the nuclear envelope
• Has a double membrane that’s folded into a maze like structure
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
  
  • Dotted with ribosomes which allow for protein translation
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
  
  • Lacks ribosomes
  • Detoxify frugs and posions
  • Transport proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus, and produce lipids

Question 3

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 3

• Materials arrive packaged in vesicles
• Modification of proteins by adding carbohydrates, phosphates or sulfates
• Might also have signal sequences added to deliver the material to a specific place, inside or outside of the cell

Question 4

Lysosomes

Answer 4

• Contain specific hydrolytic enzymes that breakdown many different substances
• The membrane seals off waste and dangerous materials in order to protect the cell

Question 5

Peroxisomes

Answer 5

• Use hydrogen peroxide to breakdown long-chain fatty acids, that the cell then uses to build phospholipids and sugars

Question 6

Mitocondria

Answer 6

• “power house of the cell”
• Have inner and outer membranes
• The outer membrane is the barrier between the cells cytoplasm and mitochondrion interior
• The inner membrane contains energy producing molecules and enzymes, and is the site of ATP synthesis.
• The ATP is then used by the cell to power its processes
• They are unique among the cell in that they have their own genes, and reproduce via binary fission
• This duplication happens independently of the nucleus, so the genetic material for mitocondria is passed down separately, and maternal ova only

Question 7

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