Endocrine system

Question 1

Is endocrine system ductless or duct?

Answer 1

ductless

Question 2

Endocrine system glands:

Answer 2

adrenal gland, thyroid, pancreas, pituitary gland, brain, ovary, testicle, thymus.

Question 3

Difference between endocrine and exocrine glands:

Answer 3

endocrine glands secrete their products into the blood stream which then delivers them throughout the body. exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts.

Question 4

Difference between the mode of action of a hormone and a neurotransmitter

Answer 4

the hormone’s system effects are slower but last longer.

Question 5

Mechanism of action of a peptide hormone:

Answer 5

1. cAMP is formed. (first messenger)
2. This starts as an enzyme cascade.
3. They never enter target cells. cAMP sets the metabolic machinery in motion, which is called the second messenger.

Question 6

Action of steroid hormones:

Answer 6

1. Cross the plasma membrance
2. Once inside, binds to receptor in the nucleus or cytoplasm.
3. Inside nucleus, the hormone-receptor complex binds with DNA and activates certain genes.
   Acts slowly but lasts longer

Question 7

What is the growth hormone produced and secreted by?

Answer 7

anterior pituitary

Question 8

Why is a second messenger needed for peptide hormones?

Answer 8

They act as primary messengers on the surface of the target cell and bind to the receptors present on surface of plasma membrane.

Question 9

Role of hypothalamus in endocrine system:

Answer 9

Regulates, helps control body temp and water-salt balance, controls the secretions of the pituitary gland.

Question 10

The two portions of the pituitary gland (master gland)

Answer 10

posterior and anterior pituitary

Question 11

What are the two hormones in the posterior pituitary?

Answer 11

antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

Question 12

What hormones does the hypothalamus make and where are they stored?

Answer 12

antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin. stored in posterior pituitary gland;

Question 13

What hormones do the anterior pituitary contain?

Answer 13

Thyroid stimulating, adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin, growth hormone, follicle stimulating luteinizing hormone.

Question 14

Antidiuretic hormone does wha?

Answer 14

water reabsorption. prevents excretion of water, increases the blood volume.

Question 15

Effects of thyroid hormones:

Answer 15

increase metabolic rate by stimulating all cells of body.

Question 16

Abnormalities in the production levels of the thyroid hormones:

Answer 16

if iodine is lacking in diet, the thyroid cannot produce thyroid hormones

Question 17

Congenital hypothyroidism:

Answer 17

underdeveloped thyroid at birth; under secretion of thyroid hormone

Question 18

Blood calcium homeostasis:

Answer 18

1. Parathyroid glands release PTH into blood.
2. Intestines absorb calcium from digestive tract.
3. kidneys reabsorb calcium from kidney tubules.
4. bones release calcium into blood.
5. Blood calcium rises.

Question 19

Where do adrenal glands sit atop of?

Answer 19

kidneys

Question 20

Each adrenal gland consists of:

Answer 20

adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex. they are two functionally distinct endocrine glands.

Question 21

Action of adrenal medulla:

Answer 21

hypothalamus sends nerve signals that travel to the adrenal medulla to stimulate it to secrete its hormones. these hormones bring changes that are a short term response to stress.

Question 22

hormones in the adrenal medulla:

Answer 22

Epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Question 23

Action of the adrenal cortex:

Answer 23

hormones produced provide a long-term response to stress. secretes a small amount of sex hormones.

Question 24

hormones in adrenal cortex:

Answer 24

cortisol, mineralocorticoids/aldosterone

Question 25

Malfuntions of the adrenal cortex include:

Answer 25

Addison disease and Cushing Syndrome

Question 26

Exocrine cells produce:

Answer 26

digestive juices

Question 27

endocrine tissue produces:

Answer 27

insulin and glucagon

Question 28

Malfunction of the pancreas causes:

Answer 28

diabetes

Question 29

Type 1 diabetes:

Answer 29

insulin dependent. Blood glucose may swing from high to low.

Question 30

Type 2 diabetes:

Answer 30

insulin resistant, often overweight or obese.

Question 31

Gonads produce:

Answer 31

hormones

Question 32

Testosterone produces:

Answer 32

androgen

Question 33

Estrogen produces:

Answer 33

estrogen progesterone

Question 34

Pineal gland produces:

Answer 34

melatonin

Question 35

Kidneys produce:

Answer 35

erythropoietin

Question 36

adipose tissue produces:

Answer 36

leptin

Question 37

Prostaglandins:

Answer 37

chemical signals that act locally within the tissues.