Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy; Restart - HISTOLOGY > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Vacuoles of endocrine cells

A

Endocrine cells often have characteristic membrane-bound secretory vacuoles with electron-dense central cores (dense core granules)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Remarks on pituitary gland

A

Hypophysis
About 1cm diameter
500 mg (0.018 oz)

1 oz ~ 28 grams

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Remarks on anterior pituitary gland

A

“Adenohypophysis”
Arises as an epithelial upgrowth from the roof of the primitive oral cavity knwon as RATHKE’S POUCH
Compose of pars intermedia and pars tuberalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Remarks on pars intermedia

A

Secretes MSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Remarks on sella turcica

A

Bone depression in the SPHENOID BONE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Relations of pituitary galgnd

A

Above: 3rd ventricle
Anteriorly: optic chiasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cell types of the anterior pituitary

A 
Somatotrophs
50%, lateral lobes
Mammotrophs
20%, postero-lateral
Corticotrophs
20%, central
Thyrotrophs
5%, central anterior
Gonadotrophs
5%,, widespread
BUT, GUYTON:
30-40% somatotrophs
20% CORTICOTROPHS
3-5% for the remaining
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Remarks on posterior pituitary

A

Largely composed of the non-myelinated axons of specialized neurons.
Neurosecretory granules are concentrated in HERRING BODIES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Most common disease of the pituitary

A

Pituitary adenoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Functional units of the thyroid gland

A

Thyroid follicels, composed of a single layer of CUBOIDAL epithelial clles (become COLUMNAR when actiive) and a homogenous COLLOID

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Endothelial marker

A

CD34

CD34 is predominantly regarded as a marker of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and hematopoietic progenitor cells. However, CD34 is now also established as a marker of several other nonhematopoietic cell types, including vascular endothelial progenitors and embryonic fibroblasts (NCBI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens in the thyroid follicles

A

Withn the follicular LUMEN (not within the follicular cells), iodine combines with tyrosine residues of the thyroglobuline to form T3 and T4 whcih remain bound to the glycoprotein in an inactive form.
Eventually, pinocytosis of the thyroglobulin-hormone complex occurs to form CYTOPLASMIC VACUOLES which will fuse with LYSOSOMES of the FOLLICULAR CELL cytoplasm, and hydrolytic enzymes cleave the hormone from the thyroglobulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Most important regulator of blood calcium levels

A

PTH, essential to life

*calcitonin appears to provide a complementary mechanism for fine adjustment and is NOT essential to life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Glandular cells of parathyroid

A
  1. CHIEF/PRINCIPAL CELLS - PTH

2. OXYPHIL CELLS - do not secrete PTH, increase in number with age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Most common cause of hyperparathyroidism

A

Parathyroid adenoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Remarks on parathyroid HYPERPLASIA

A

Occurs in SECONDARY hyperparathyroidism, where a patient with kidney failure who develops how calcium triggers feedback mechanism on the parathyroid and ALL of the parathyroids become enlarged (HYPERPLASIA). Eventually, the hyperplastic glands cease to respond to serium calcium levels and secrete high levels of PTH AUTONOMOUS LY (TERTIARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM)

17
Q

Remarks on the adrennal cortex

A 
Similar embryological origin to the gonads.
Zona glomerulosa (secretory cells are arranged in rounded clusters)
Zona fasciculata (parallel cords)
Zona reticularis (irregular cords)
18
Q

Vein and adrenal

A

“A prominent vein is characteristically located in th center of the medulla”

“Central medullary vein”

19
Q

Remarks regarding adenal trabeculae

A

both the trabeculae and inner capsule contain prominent capillaries”

20
Q

Remarks regarding epinephrine

A

NE + N-methyl group

21
Q

Adrenal gland fascia

A

Surrounded by RENAL FASCIA

Separated from the kidneys by the PERIRENL FAT

22
Q

Adrenal hilum

A

“A single vein emerges from the hilum of each gland and drains into the IVC on the right and into thee renal vein on the left”

Teachmeanatomy: “Veins and lymphatics leve each gland via the hilum, but arteries nd nerve enter the gland at numerous sites.”

23
Q

Remarks on the islets of Langerhans

A

Most numerous in the tail of the pancreas

Each islet is supplied by as many as 3 arterioles and drained by about 6 venules

24
Q

Secretions of enterochromaffin cell of the pancreas

A

Motilin
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine)
Substance P

25
Q

Remarks on the pineal gland

A

6-10mm
100 mg (0.1 g, 0.004 oz)
Lies just beow the posterior end of the corpus callosum
Represents an evagination of the posterior part of the roof of the 3rd ventricle

26
Q

Remarks regarding melatonin

A

Produced by the pineal gland
Induced by darkness and inhibited by light, probably via sympathetic nerves transmitting messages from the eye through the suprachiasmatic nucleus, central sympathetic pathywas, and the superior cervical ganglion

27
Q

Cells of the pineal gland

A
  1. PINEALOCYTES
    - “pineal chief cell”
    - secrete melatonin and its precursor, serotonin
  2. NEUROGLIAL CELLS
    - similar to astrocytes
28
Q

Pineal sand

A

“Corpora arenacea”

-basophilic extracellular bodies consisting of concentric layers of calcium and magnesium phosphate in an organic matrix

29
Q

Products of neuroendocrine cells of respiratory tract

A

Serotonin
Calcitonin
Bombesin
Leu-enkephalin

30
Q

What is bombesin?

A

Helps regulate muscle tone in bronchial and vessel walls

31
Q

Most common tuor of diffuse neuroendocrine system

A 
Small cell (oat cell) bronchogenic carcinoma
-often secretes ACTH-like substance
32
Q

Most common tumor of neuroendocrine cells in the GI tract

A

Carcinoid tumor

-most common in the APPENDIX (<=1cm: appendectomy, >2cm: right hemicolectomy)

33
Q

Remarks regardign gastric carcinooid tumor

A

Only 10% sill produce carcinoid syndrome, usually associated with HEPATIC METASTASES
(Diarrhea, flushing, bronchoconstriction)

34
Q

Immunohistochemical stain for all neuroendocrine cells

A

Chromogranin A

Anatomy; Restart - HISTOLOGY (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions