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NPLEX I > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the pituitary gland?

A

It sits in the sella turcica in the center of the sphenoid bone

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2
Q

What is the adenohypophysis?

A

Anterior pituitary gland.

It comes from the facial area called rathke’s pouch

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3
Q

What is neurohypophysis?

A

The posterior pituitary gland.

It comes from the neuroectoderm of the forebrain.

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4
Q

Remember

A

Posterior pituitary will have neurological tubes called secretory axons.
This tube would take ADH and oxytocin to the posterior pituitary for storage

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5
Q

Remember

A

Anterior pituitary has venous system called portal venous system

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6
Q

What are the hormones in the anterior pituitary?

A 
Prolactin
Adrenocorticotropic hormone  (ACTH)
Growth hormone
leutinizing hormone (LH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
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7
Q

Hypopituitarism

A

Lesions in hypothalamus or adenohypophysis

Sheehan’s syndrome, empty sella

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8
Q

Sheehan’s syndrome

A

Postpartum pituitary gland necrosis
Disorder where cells in the pituitary gland of a new mother start to die
Because of excess blood loss during childrbirth

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9
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

no ADH from posterior pituitary
Cannot concentrate urine
Thirst wakes from sleep due to electrolyte disturbances

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10
Q

Hyperpituitarism

A

Adenoma secreting one hormone

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11
Q

Prolactinoma

A

Most common hyperpituitarism

Unneeded lactation

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12
Q

Somatotropic adenomas

A

Excess GH

Acromegaly in adults or giantism in children

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13
Q

Corticotroph tumors

A

Secrete ACTH

Reason for Cushing’s disease (overproduction of cortisol)

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14
Q

What are the molecules that make thyroid hormone?

A

Tyrosine and iodine

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15
Q

What enzyme converts T4 to T3?

A

Type I deiodinase appears to be responsible for most of the T3 in the bloodstream. The type I enzyme catalyzes the conversion of T4 to T3 within the thyroid gland.

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16
Q

What is thyroglobulin?

A

Protein made by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland

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17
Q

are thyroid hormones anabolic or catabolic?

A

Anabolic

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18
Q

After de-iodination of thyroid hormones, what happens to them?

A

Urine or recycles towards the thyroid gland

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19
Q

Hypothyroid

A

Myxedema - Myxedema is another term for severely advanced hypothyroidism. This is a condition that occurs when your body doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormone.
causes of hypothyroid:
- Hashimotos (most common)
- Iodine def

Symptoms
Fatigue, lethargy, constipation, cold intolerance, slowed mentation, cardiomyopathy, dry skin, periorbital edema.

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20
Q

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

A

Autoimmune
Most euthyroid then hypothyroid
Transient hyperthyroid is possible

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21
Q

Hyperthyroid/thyrotoxicosis

A 
Grace's disease 
Women > men
Unintended weight loss, tachycardia, heat intolerance
lid retraction, lid lag, proptosis 
Goiter, increased T3 and T4, low TSH
22
Q

Grave’s disease

A

Graves’ disease is an immune system disorder that results in the overproduction of thyroid hormones (hyperthyroidism).

23
Q

De Quervain’s Subacute Granulomatous Thyroiditis

A

Self-limted painful inflammation of thyroid

24
Q

Reidel’s Thyroiditis

A 
R to Rock
Rock hard, woody thyroid,, mimics carcinoma
older women
Fibrotic proliferation
may cause hypothyroidism
25
Q

Goiters

A

A goiter is used to describe any enlarged thyroid gland.
Simple = def of iodine or too many goitrogens (calcium and fluorine in water, brassicas, polluted water)
Multinodular goiter = very large, often mistaken for cancer
The patient can have goiter due to grave’s disease, low iodine, swelling’s goiter that are benign

26
Q

Adenomas of Thyroid

A

90-99% of nodules are benign adenomas
May cause pressure symptoms
post-menopausal women

27
Q

Malignant Tumors of Thyroid

A

Most papillary carcinoma
Estrogen receptors, well differentiated
Low mortality, solitary nodules more likely to be cancer
Men < 40 more likely cancer

28
Q

Calcitonin

A

Produced in the parafollicular cells of the thyroid
Lower blood Ca+ preserves Bone calcium
Acts on BONE and KIDNEY

29
Q

What are the germinal layers of the adrenal gland?

A

Cortex and the medulla

30
Q

How many layers is the cortex divided into?

A

3 layers:

  • Zona Glomerulosa - mineralcorticoids (Aldosterone)
  • Zona Fasciculata - glucocorticoids (cortisol)
  • Zona Reticularis- glucocorticoids (sex hormones)
31
Q

What is made in the cortex of the adrenal gland?

A

Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)

Glucocorticoids ( Cortisol and sex steroids)

32
Q

What is made in the medulla?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

33
Q

What stimulates the medulla?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

34
Q

Aldosterone

A

Sodium and potassium manipulator

35
Q

Cortisol

A

Cortisol can help control blood sugar levels, regulate metabolism, help reduce inflammation, and assist with memory formulation. It has a controlling effect on salt and water balance and helps control blood pressure

36
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

Primary:

  • Adenoma of parathyroid gland
  • Elevated calcium

Secondary hyperparathyroidism:
- Hyperplasia due to hypocalcemia or hyperphosphatemia, renal failure, vitamin D def
Serum calcium often low

37
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Low serum calcium and high serum phosphate
Chvostek’s sign, Trousseau’s sign
Spontaneous spasm

38
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Tumor in the medulla
Secretes catecholamines (too much epinephrine and norepinephrine)
Hypertension, arrhythmias
Hyperglycemia and hypermetabolism

39
Q

Neuroblastoma

A

Childhood tumor of adrenal medulla
Most occur sporadically
Large abdominal mass
Course variable, some fatal

40
Q

Addison’s

A

in Addison’s diseases, you need to ADD cortisol
Hypoadrenalism
most often due to autoimmune adrenalitis
Sometimes TB or idiopathic atrophy, medulla unaffected
Weakness, fatigue, weight loss, diarrhea, vomiting
Hyperpigmentation from increased ACTH, low NA, CL, cortisol
hypoglycemia
hyponatremia

41
Q

Cushing’s

A

Hyperadrenalism

Iatrogenic, pituitary adenoma, ectopic ACTH production by neoplasm, thyroid carcinoma, adrenal cortex tumor

42
Q

Conn’s syndrome

A

Solitary aldosterone secreting adenoma in the adrenal cortex

causes hyperaldosteronism

43
Q

What are the cofactors for converting epinephrine to epinephrine in the medulla?

A

Vitamin B12, folate, and SAMe

44
Q

What is the parent steroid?

A

Pregnenolone

45
Q

What makes pregnenolone?

A

cholesterol

46
Q

How does aldosterone work?

A

Acts in the distal tubule to reabsorb Na +

Pumps K and H out into urine

47
Q

How is aldosterone stimulated?

A

ACTH
HYPERKALEMIA
ANGIOTENSIN - 2

48
Q

Alpha cells secrete what/?

A

Secrete glucagon

49
Q

Beta cells secrete what?

A

secrete insulin

50
Q

Delta cells

A

secrete somatostatin

51
Q

PP cells

A

Secrete pancreatic polypeptide

NPLEX I (12 decks)

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