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NPLEX I > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, fructose, mannose, and galactose.

These can not be broken down into smaller forms.

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2
Q

How are monosaccharides classified?

A

By the number of carbons they contain.

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3
Q

What is the importance of Galactose

A

It can be changed to glucose in the liver and metabolized. Synthesized in the mammary gland to make lactose of milk. A constituent of glycolipids and glycoproteins.

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4
Q

What is the importance of fructose?

A

It can be changed to glucose in the liver and intestine and so used in the body.

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5
Q

What is the clinical importance of fructose?

A

Hereditary fructose intolerance leads to fructose accumulation and hypoglycemia.

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6
Q

What is the clinical importance of galactose?

A

Failure to metabolize leads to galactosemia and cataract.

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7
Q

What are the 4 disaccharides?

A

Sucrose, maltose, lactose, and isomaltose.

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8
Q

How are disaccharides bound?

A

By a glycosidic linkage.

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9
Q

What is a glycosidic linkage?

A

A glycosidic bond or glycosidic linkage is a type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate.

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10
Q

What is the composition of maltose?

What kind of bond is maltose?

A

Glucose + glucose.

alpha1-4.

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11
Q

What is the composition of lactose?

What kind of bond is lactose?

A

Galactose + glucose.
Beta1-4.

Usually, we can not break down beta bonds but lactase can.

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12
Q

What is the composition of sucrose?

What kind of bond is Sucrose?

A

Glucose + fructose.

Alpha1-Beta2

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13
Q

What are the 4 types of polysaccharides?

A

Glycogen - made up of large chain molecules. It is a readily mobilized storage form o glucose.

Cellulose - The major component in the rigid cell walls in plants is cellulose. Cellulose is a linear polysaccharide polymer with many glucose monosaccharide units.

Starch - is formed by the condensation of amylose and amylopectin.

Inulin - naturally occurring polysaccharide most often extracted from chicory. The inulins belong to a class of dietary fibers known as fructans. Inulin is used by some plants as a means of storing energy and is typically found in roots or rhizomes

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14
Q

What are enlongase and desaturase used for?

A

Used to change from lower/smaller FAs to longer/higher FAs.

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15
Q

What is cardiolipin?

A

A phospholipid in mitochondria (inner membrane) required for the functioning of the phosphate transporter and for cytochrome oxidase activity,

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16
Q

Where is cholesterol primarily synthesized?

A

In the liver.

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17
Q

Where does cholesterol synthesis occurs in the cell?

A

Cytoplasm.

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18
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

Cholesterol is an organic molecule. It is a sterol, a type of lipid. Cholesterol is biosynthesized by all animal cells and is an essential structural component of animal cell membranes. It is a yellowish crystalline solid.
Component of all cell membranes.
Precursor of bile acids, steroid hormones, and vitamin D.

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19
Q

What are the names of the different forms of fats?

A

Saturated, unsaturated, trans fats, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated.

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20
Q

What receptors do they bind to in the receptors of the hepatic tissue?

A

Chylomicron (Apo-E) receptor.

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21
Q

What does APOE bind to?

A

ApoE binds to VLDL and HDL3 particles by a two-step mechanism with the rate being influenced by the stability and ease of unfolding of the N-terminal helix bundle domain.
The chylomicron binds to the ApoE receptor and deposits fat into the free cholesterol pool. The lipid is re-esterified into the VLDL - LDL family.

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22
Q

Where is the LDL is made?

What receptor does it bind to?

A

Made by the liver.

It binds to the apoB-100 receptor

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23
Q

Why is HDL “good”?

A

Because it has the ability to change or exchange cholesterol ester or triglyceride. As triglyceride is taken away from a molecule, that molecule becomes less oxidizable. The activity of HDL is to increase the safety of the circulating IDLs, LDL, and VDLs

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24
Q

How much energy do we get from burning fat?

A

129-131 ATP from 16 carbon fatty acids.

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25
Q

How do we make cholesterol vs ketones vs energy?

A

Depends on which enzymes are used for which purpose.

26
Q

Why is acetoacetyl CoA important?

A

Because it is the intermediate between acetyl CoA for energy in beta-oxidation and the formation of HMG CoA.

27
Q

Why is HMD CoA important?

A

Because it is the parent for ketone body formation and cholesterol formation.

28
Q

What do we do with acetoacetyl CoA between the formation of either ketone or cholesterol?

A

The enzyme we use makes the difference.
HMG-CoA synthase is synthetic to HMG-CoA.
HMG-CoA Lyase is what starts the conversion of HMG-CoA into ketones.
HMG-CoA reductase is what starts the conversion of HMG-CoA into cholesterol.

29
Q

What does delta24 Reductase do?

A

Converts desmosterol into cholesterol.

30
Q

What is CoQ-10 dependent on?

A

Mevalonate
or
Sidechain from the cholesterol formation.

31
Q

What does hormone-sensitive lipase do?

A

Breaks the fat out of the adipose cells, breaks triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids, and exports free fatty acids.

32
Q

Why is carnitine important?

A

Without it, we can not shuttle the fat into mitochondria for beta-oxidation and energy production.

33
Q

What are the essential amino acids?

A

Phenelanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, methionine, histidine, Arginine, Lysine, and Leucine.

PVT TIM HALL

34
Q

Amines function

A

Structural and biogenic.

35
Q

What is glutathione

A

It is a substance made from the amino acids glycine, cysteine, and glutamic acid.

36
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Speed up and already thermodynamically reaction by lowering the energy of activation.
Enzyme must bind to a substrate.
Enzyme is NOT part of any product.

37
Q

What are cofactors?

A

Small molecular weight substances (B-vitamins and trace minerals) that are needed to help some enzymes react.

38
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

The breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy (ATP) and pyruvic acid.
Glucose -> 2 pyruvate molecules

39
Q

Where does glycolysis happen?

A

In the cytosol of cells.

40
Q

What is glucose?

A

A simple sugar which is an important energy source in living organisms and is a component of many CHO.
It is a 6 carbon sugar.
It is the most abundant monosaccharide.

41
Q

What would be the cause(s) of high glucose in the blood?

A

Hyperglycemia is a defining characteristic of diabetes - when the blood glucose level is too high because the body isn’t properly using or doesn’t make the hormone insulin.
You get glucose from the foods you eat.

42
Q

What is a good blood sugar level for prediabetes?

A

This measures your blood sugar after an overnight fast (not eating). A fasting blood sugar level of 99 mg/dL or lower is normal, 100 to 125 mg/dL indicates you have prediabetes, and 126 mg/dL or higher indicates you have diabetes

43
Q

How is glycolysis divided?

A

It is divided into two phases: Energy consuming phase and energy producing phase.

44
Q

What happens after glucose amounts risen in the blood?

A

Insulin is secreted by the pancreas (Beta-islet cells) to regulate the amount of glucose in the body.

45
Q

How does glucose get inside the cells?

A

Through glucose transporters such as GLUT2 (liver and pancreas).

46
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis?

A

Phosphofructokinase.

47
Q

What activates phosphofructokinase?

A

AMP, fructose 2,6-biphosphate, and insulin.

48
Q

What inhibits phosphofructokinase?

A

ATP, citrate, and glucagon.

49
Q

What down-regulates pyruvate?

A

ATP and alanine.

50
Q

What up-regulates pyruvate?

A

Fructose 1,6-Biphophate.

51
Q

Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Anaerobic.

52
Q

How much ATP is generated per glucose?

A

32-36

53
Q

What cycle is aerobic?

A

Krebs cycle.

54
Q

Do red blood cells have mitochondria?

A

No, they do not have mitochondria.

55
Q

What is the Krebs cycle interchangeably called?

A

Citric acid cycle

56
Q

What slows down the Krebs cycle?

A

ATP and NADH (too much energy).

57
Q

What is the rate-limiting step in the citric acid cycle?

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase.

58
Q

What is the main ATP-producing factory?

A

Mitochondria.

59
Q

Where do the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation happen?

A

The inner membrane of the mitochondria.

60
Q

What is oxidation?

A

Giving up electrons.

E.g. H2 -> 2H + 2e-

61
Q

What does phosphorylation mean?

A

Adition of a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate.

62
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

The process of making ATP by donating electrons to complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

NPLEX I (12 decks)

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