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Vet 2 > Endocrine & Repro > Flashcards

Endocrine & Repro Flashcards

0
Q

What gland or organ makes up the Endocrine system?

A

adrenals, pituitary, thyroid, ovaries, testicles, kidneys, pancreas

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1
Q

What is the endocrine system composed of?

A

Ductless glands that secrete chemical messengers called hormones

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2
Q

_____ are chemical substances produced by cells in one part of the body and transported to another part of body where they influence _____ _____.

A

Hormones

Cellular activity

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3
Q

T or F
The endocrine system and nervous system make up two major control mechanisms if the body and linked together through the complex integrating action of the hypothalamus

A

True

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4
Q

The endocrine system and _____system make up the two major control ______ of the body and are linked together through the complex integrating action of the____.

A

Nervous
Mechanisms
Hypothalamus

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5
Q

Hormones are generally administered to animals for two reasons

A

1) to correct a dificiency of that hormone

2) to obtain a desired effort

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6
Q

Hormones that are administered to an animal are called—– hormones

A

Exogenous

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7
Q

Hormones produced naturally in the body are called _____ hormones.

A

Endogenous

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8
Q

Hormones that are admin to an animal are called _____ hormones whereas those produced naturally in the body are called ______ hormones.

A

Exogenous

Endogenous

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9
Q

Which gland is called the master gland?

A

Pituitary

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10
Q

Why is the pituitary gland called the master gland of the endocrine system?

A

Because of the control it exerts over the regulation of this system.

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11
Q

Pituitary gland is controlled by _____.

A

Hypothalamus

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12
Q

Where is the pituitary located?

A

At the base of the brain just ventral to the hypothalamus and is connected to the brain by a stalk.

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13
Q

How is the pituitary gland connected to the brain?

A

By a stalk

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14
Q

Pituitary is located at the base of the brain just _____ to the hypothalamus.

A

Ventral

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15
Q

The pituitary is divided into two main lobes:

A

1) anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)

2) posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)

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16
Q

Where does the anterior lobe arise from?

A

Embryo logic pharynx

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17
Q

Where does the posterior lobe arise from?

A

Brain

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18
Q

Anterior lobe or ______ is ______ hormones and _____ acting.

A

Adenohypophysis
Tropic
Indirect

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19
Q

Posterior lobe or _____ is _____ acting

A

Neurohypophysis

Direct

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20
Q

How does the hypothalamus exert control over the anterior pituitary?

A

Through the transport of releasing hormones, or factors, down the hypophyseal portal system.

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21
Q

In the anterior pituitary the factors release causes the secretion of ____ hormones into the circulation

A

Tropic

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22
Q

Tropic hormones produced by the anterior pituitary:

A 
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Prolactin (LTH) and
Growth hormone (GH or somatotropin )
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23
Q

The tropic hormones are sometimes called _____ acting hormones

A

Indirect

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24
Q

Why are TSH, ACTH, LH,FSH, LTH, and GH called indirect acting hormone?

They are tropic hormones *

A

Because the cause their target organ to produce a second hormone, which in turn influences a second target organ or tissue.

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25
Q

Hormones of the posterior pituitary are?

A

Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) and oxytocin

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26
Q

T or f hormones of the posterior pituitary are vasopressin and oxytocin?

A

True

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27
Q

The hormones of the posterior pituitary are called indirect acting hormones?

A

False direct acting hormones

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28
Q

The hormones of the posterior pituitary are called direct acting hormones because they produce the desired activity _____ in the target _____.

A

Directly

Organ

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29
Q

Anterior lobe

TSH stimulates ____ to produce T3/T4

A

Thyroid

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30
Q

TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone)

stimulates thyroid to produce ______.

A

T3/T4

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31
Q

Anterior lobe

FSH stimulates ______ follicle growth and spermatogenesis

A

Ovarian

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32
Q

T or f

FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone) stimulates ovarian follicle growth and spermatogenesis

A

T

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33
Q

Anterior lobe

LH stimulates _____ and ______ production

A

Ovulation

Testosterone

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34
Q

Anterior lobe

GH ( growth hormone) accelerates body growth and increases _____ ______

A

Milk production

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35
Q

What does GH do?

A

Accelerates body growth and increase milk production

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36
Q

Anterior lobe

ACTH (adrenocortcotropic hormone) stimulates production of____ by _____ cortex

A

Corticosteroids

Adrenal

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37
Q

T or F

ACTH stimulates production of corticosteroids by adrenal cortex

A

T

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38
Q

Posterior lobe

OXYTOCIN stimulate _____ contraction and milk letdown

A

Uterine

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39
Q

OXYTOCIN stimulated uterine contraction and ____ ______

A

Milk letdown

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40
Q

Posterior lobe

ADH stimulates —– retention

A

Water

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41
Q

Does ADH stimulate water retention?

A

Yes

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42
Q

Feedback mechanism

T or f
The plasma level of a particular hormone controls the activity of the gland that produces it

A

T

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43
Q

Feedback mechanism

The ____ level of a particular hormone controls the ____ if the gland that produces it

A

Plasma

Activity

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44
Q

Feedback can be

A

Negative

Positive

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45
Q

Negative feedback : high plasma levels of a hormone are sensed by the _____ which than reduces the amount of the appropriate ______ factor ( hormone)

A

Hypothalamus

Releasing

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46
Q

T or f
Negative feedback a decreased amount of releasing factor reduces the amount of tropic hormones released by the pituitary causing less activity in the organ

A

T

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47
Q

Negative feedback the overall effect is to _____ the amount if hormone in the _____

A

Lower

Plasma

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48
Q

Negative feedback high plasma levels of a hormone are sensed
T or f

A

T

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49
Q

Negative feedback is the overall effect is lower the amount of hormone in the plasma

Y or n

A

Y

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50
Q

Positive feedback

Is high or low levels of hormone sensed by the hypothalamus?

A

Low

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51
Q

Positive feedback
Low levels of a hormone are sensed by the hypothalamus and release of the appropriate releasing factors
Decrease or increases

A

Increases

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52
Q

Positive feedback
Increase amounts of the corresponding tropic hormone are secreted causing activity in the target organ and a corresponding _____ in plasma levels of the hormone

A

Rise

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53
Q

In positive feedback low levels of a hormone are sensed by the hypothalamus and release of the appropriate releasing factors increase
T or f

A

T

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54
Q

Positive feedback
Increased amounts of the corresponding _____ hormone are secreted causing activity in target organ and corresponding _____ in plasma levels of hormone

A

Tropic

Rise

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55
Q

Neurohormonal reflex applies to the release if _____ by the posterior pituitary

A

Oxytocin

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56
Q

How can the neurohormonal reflex be initiated?

A

By stimulating of the udder by a nursing calf
Preparation of the udder for milking
Stimulation of the uterus and vagina in parturition
Stimulation of the cerebral cortex by sensory stimuli associated with nursing or milking

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57
Q

Reproductive system

The four stages of reproductive cycle (estrus)

A

1) proestrus
2) estrus
3) diestrus
4) anestrus

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58
Q

Name the two phases that the cycle can be divided into?

A

Follicular phase

Literal phase

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59
Q

In the follicular phase the cycle is under the influence of ____ produced by a developing ____ .

A

Estrogen

Follicle

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60
Q

Which phase, follicle or literal, is under the influence of estrogen produced by a developing follicle?

A

Follicular

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61
Q

In the literal phase the cycle is under the influence of _____ made by the corpus luteum

A

Progesterone

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62
Q

Where is control of the reproductive system coordinated?

A

In the hypothalamus

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63
Q

Control of the reproductive system is coordinated In the ____ where the ______ releasing hormone (GnRH)is produced in response to various _____

A

Hypothalamus
Gonadotropin
Stimuli

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64
Q

The various stimuli that produces GnRH are

A

Day and night length ( photoperiod)
Pheromones
Positive and negative internal feedback mechanisms

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65
Q

What does GnRH cause the release of

A

FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary

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66
Q

T or f

GnRH causes the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary

A

T

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67
Q

What does FSH cause the growth and maturation of?

A

A follicle which begins to produce increasing amounts of estrogens as it matures

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68
Q

FSH causes growth and maturation of a follicle which begins to produce increasing amounts if _____ as it matures

A

Estrogen

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69
Q

______ causes changes that occur in proestrus and estrus

A

Estrogen

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70
Q

Estrogen causes changes in _____ and _____.

A

Proestrus

Estrus

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71
Q

The follicle also produces ____ which along with estrogen serves as negative feedback to _____ to inhibit release of GnRH

A

Inhibin

Hypothalamus

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72
Q

____release cause ovulation of the mature follicle and the formation of corpus luteum in its place

A

LH ( luteinzing hormone)

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73
Q

LH release causes _____ of the mature follicle

A

Ovulation

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74
Q

LH release causes ovulation of the mature follicle and the formation of ____ luteum in its place

A

Corpus

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75
Q

After LH release and formation of corpus liteum it signals the beginning of _____and the beginning of the ____ phase of cycle

A

Diestrus

Luteal

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76
Q

T or f

The corpus luteum produces progesterone which the uterus for pregnancy

A

T

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77
Q

The corpus luteum produces ____ which prepares the uterus for pregnancy

A

Progesterone

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78
Q

Once pregnancy occurs, the corpus luteum maintains a uterine envy conducive to normal progression of the pregnancy

T or f

A

T

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79
Q

Progesterone levels in the blood serve as _____ feedback to prevent release of ____ and the development of new follicles during pregnancy

A

Negative

GnRH

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80
Q

____level in the blood serve as negative feedback to prevent the release of GnRH

A

Progesterone

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81
Q

When the gestation period is at the end the fetus produces increasing amounts of ____

A

ACTH (adrenocortcotropic hormone)

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82
Q

When does the fetus produce an increasing amount of ACTH

A

When the gestation period is near the end

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83
Q

When the fetus produces increasing amount of ACTH it causes an increase amount of ____ to be produced by the adrenal gland

A

Cortisol

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84
Q

Increased cortisol levels result in increased production of ____ and ____ by the uterus

A

Estrogen

Prostaglandin

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85
Q

Estrogen and progstaglandin sensitize the uterus to the contraction producing effects of ______ and allows parturition to begin

A

Oxytocin

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86
Q

What causes the breakdown(lysis) of the corpus luteum at the end of pregnancy and end of diestrus if pregnancy doesn’t occur

A

Prostaglandin

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87
Q

What is the reason for use of hormonal drugs

A 
Synchronization of estrus
Suppression of estrus
Induction of estrus
Treatment of cystic ovaries
Termination of pregnancy
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88
Q

Name 5 hormonal drugs

A 
Gonadotropins
Estrogens
Androgens
Prostaglandin 
Progestin a
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89
Q

Gonadotropin are drugs that are similar to _____, _____,______.

A

GnRH
LH
FSH

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90
Q

Gonadotropin causes release of____, ____.

A

LH

FSH

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91
Q

FSH that’s released by Gonadotropin causes what to grow and mature in females? And what in males

A

Ovarian follicle in females

Spermatogenesis in males

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92
Q

In Gonadotropin LH causes____ in females and production of ____ in males

A

Ovulation

Testosterone

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93
Q

_____causes ovulation in females and production of testosterone in males

A

LH

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94
Q

_____is a group of hormones synthesized by the ovaries and less extent the testicles, adrenal cortex and placenta

A

Estrogens

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95
Q

What is estrogens classified as?

A

Sex steroids

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96
Q

Which hormonal drug is classified as a sex steroids?

A

Estrogens

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97
Q

Estrogen is necessary for normal growth and development of the female ______.

A

Gonads

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98
Q

Name three things that estrogen does

A

Inhibit ovulation
Increase uterine tone
Cause proliferation of the endometrium

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99
Q

What is estrogen clinical used in dogs used for?

A

Induce abortion

Control urinary incontinence

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100
Q

List the side effects of estrogen

A

Prolonged estrus
Serve anemia
Genital irritation
Follicular cysts

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101
Q

Which drug has the side effect of serve anemia and prolonged estrus?

A

Estrogen

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102
Q

Where is the male sex hormone androgen found?

A

Testicles
Ovaries
Adrenal cortex

Question should say produce not found

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103
Q

Which hormonal drug is necessary for growth and development of male sex organs?

A

Androgens

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104
Q

Androgens causes secondary male sex characteristics

T or f

A

T

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105
Q

Androgen promotes tissue anabolism, weight gain , and ____ formation

A

rbc

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106
Q

_____ products are C-111 controlled substances

A

Testosterone

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107
Q

Testosterone products are ______ controlled substance

A

C-111

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108
Q

____are similar to progesterone and are produced by corpus luteum

A

Progestins

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109
Q

What does Progestins do

A

Cause increase secretions by the endometrium
Decreased motility in the uterus
Increased secretory development in mammary glands

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110
Q

Which hormonal drug is similar to progestrone

A

Progestin

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111
Q

Which hormonal drug suppresses estrogen and treats false pregnancy

A

Progestins

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112
Q

What is Progestins clinically used for?

A

To suppress estrus
Treat false pregnancy
Behavioral disorders
Progestin responsive dermatitis

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113
Q

Prostaglandins consists of a group of naturally occurring long chain ____acids

A

Fatty

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114
Q

What is the primary use of prostaglandins

A

Regulation of activity in and treatment of conditions of the female reproductive tract

115
Q

T or f

Of the six classes ( A B C D E F) only prostaglandin F2alpha has significance

A

T

116
Q

_____causes lysis of the corpus luteum, contraction of uterine muscle, and relaxation of the cervix

A

F2alpha

117
Q

What does lysis of the corpus luteum results in a decline of?

A

Plasma level of progesterone and through the negative feedback mech. Initiates a new estrous cycle

118
Q

What does lysis of the corpus luteum result in through negative feedback mech.

A

A new estrous cycle

119
Q

What are drugs that affect uterine contractility used for?

A

Used during pregnancy to cause an abortion
At term to induce parturition
Aid in the delivery of the fetus or placenta
Cause involution of the uterus after delivery

120
Q

What should you always do before drugs that affect uterine contraction are administered?

A

Ensure that the cervix is dilated

121
Q

Uterine contractility drugs:

A

Oxytocin
Ergot
Prostaglandins
Corticosteroids

122
Q

Which uterine contractility drug is a polypeptide made in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary

A

Oxytocin

123
Q

Where is oxytocin released from?

A

From the reproductive tract or mammary gland

124
Q

Which hormone causes strong uterine contractions by increasing the contractility of uterine myofibrils?

A

Oxytocin

125
Q

How does oxytocin cause strong uterine contractions?

A

By increasing the contractility of uterine myofibrils

126
Q

How is oxytocin used clinically?

A

Cause more forceful uterine contractions as an aid in delivery of the fetus
To assist in delivery of the placenta
Cause uterine involution
Reduce bleeding of the uterus after delivery

127
Q

When should you only use oxytocin

A

When the cervix is sufficiently dilated and when it can be determined that the fetus can be delivered normally through the pelvic canal

128
Q

Which hormone is responsible for milk letdown from the mammary glands

A

Oxytocin

129
Q

How is the drug oxytocin released?

A

Endogenously after stimulation of the udder

Response to environmental stimuli such as sound of milking machines

130
Q

Which uterine drug is a fungus that grows on rye grass

A

Ergot

131
Q

_____ causes smooth muscle contraction and intense vasoconstriction

A

Ergot

132
Q

What can occur if vasoconstriction is serve enough

Ergot

A

Gangrene

Sloughing

133
Q

______ stimulate uterine smooth muscle and can be used to induce parturition or abortion

A

Progstaglandin

134
Q

Which is a group of hormones comprised by the adrenal cortex and used for their anti inflammatory effect but can cause induction of parturition in the last trimester of pregnancy

A

Corticosteroids

135
Q

_____odors released by animals that influence the behavior of other animals of the same species.

A

Pheromones

136
Q

What is the analog of the feline facial pheromone

A

Feliway

137
Q

Pheromone (Feliway) labeled for use in stopping or preventing ____ marking and to comfort cat in unknown environment

A

Urinary

138
Q

Example in dog pheromone

A

DAP or dog appeasing hormone

139
Q

What is DAP what does it do

A

Dog appeasing hormone mimics appeasement pheromone which female dogs secrete to comfort nursing puppies

140
Q

What does DAP label indicate

A

Used to calm dogs during thunderstorms
Fireworks
Visit by strangers
Or move to new environment

141
Q

Feliway is labeled to:

A

Prevent urinary markings

Comfort cat in unknown environment

142
Q

______ hormone is made up of two lobes on either side of the trachea located near the thyroid cartilage of the larynx

A

Thyroid

143
Q

What are the thyroid hormones composed of

A

Composed of follicles

144
Q

When thyroid hormone gets stimulation by TSH from the anterior pituitary it produces what?

A

Two metabolically active hormones

145
Q

What are the two abnormalities of thyroid function

A

Hypo and hyperthyroidism

146
Q

What events does thyroid hormones control?

A

Metabolic rate
Growth and development
Body temp
Heart rate skin condition resistance to infection

147
Q

____is considered to be the active form of thyroid hormones at the cellular level

A

T3

148
Q

What is partially converted to T3 after release

A

T4 aka thyroxine

149
Q

What animal is hypothyroidism most often found in?

A

Dogs

150
Q

How is hypothyroidism is characterized by:

A

Lethargy
Cold intolerance
Dry hair coat
Bradycardia

151
Q

Hyperthyroidism is most often in what animal

A

Older cats

152
Q

Characteristics of hyperthyroidism

A 
Weight loss
Increased appetite
Restlessness
Hyper excitability
Tachycardia
153
Q

What are some drugs used to treat hypothyroidism

A

Levothyroxine sodium T4
Ex. Soloxine
2) liothyronine sodium
Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH

154
Q

Treatment of hypothyroidism consists of ______ of thyroid hormones on a daily basis

A

Supplementation

155
Q

Do clinal signs of hypothyroidism usually resolve within a short time of treatment, but lifelong therapy is required?
Y or n

A

Y

156
Q

Hyperthyroidism treatment is directed at lowering blood levels of __ and ___

A

T3

T4

157
Q

To treat hyperthyroidism you should destroy or remove overproducing thyroid gland or block hormone production
T or f

A

T

158
Q

Is drug therapy to block hormones in hyperthyroidism curative

A

No it’s continuous

159
Q

Some drugs to treat hyperthyroid are

A 
Methimazole aka tapazole
Carbimazole
Ipodate
Propylthiouracil
Radioactive iodine
Propanolol
160
Q

Radioactive iodine aka I-131 is given ___ to destroy over productive thyroid tissue

A

IV

161
Q

How many times can radioactive iodine be performed? What animal

A

Once cat

162
Q

Another name for hyperadrenocortism

A

Cushing’s syndrome

163
Q

What is the most common diagnosed endocrine disorders in dogs and horses?

A

Hyperadrenocortism ( Cushing syndrome )

164
Q

Why do signs of hyperadrenocortism occur

A

Because of an excess of circulating glucocorticoid especially cortisol

165
Q

_____ is an hormone produced in the cortex of the adrenal gland helps the body respond to stress and prepare the body for fight or flight

A

Cortisol

166
Q

Two forms of spontaneous Cushing’s syndrome

A

Pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH)

Adrenal dependent hyperadrenocorticism (ADH)

167
Q

Which form of Cushing syndrome is most common and occurs due to a benign tumor of the pituitary gland

A

(PDH) pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism

168
Q

Which form of Cushing syndrome occurs less common and occurs due to a tumor on one or both adrenal glands

A

Adrenal dependent ( ADH)

169
Q

T or f

PDH tumor causes the pit to produce large amount of ACTH which stimulates the adrenal to make large amount of cortisol

A

T

170
Q

Hypoadrenocorticism other name is:

A

Addison disease

171
Q

_____is adrenocortical insufficiency which results in decent production of corticosteroids and mineralcorticoids

A

Hypoadrenocorticism ( Addison’s disease)

172
Q

Ketoconazole is an anti fungal agent that treats Cushing’s

T or f

A

T

173
Q

It is used to treat cats with Cushing’s especially to stabilize patient before adrenalectomy

A

Metyrapone

174
Q

Mitotane treats ____

A

PDH

175
Q

Mitotane side effects are:

A 
Weakness 
Ataxia
Vomiting
Long term glucocorticoid 
Possible mineralocorticoid replacement therapy
176
Q

_____ is an adrenal cytotoxic agent that inhibits or destroys the cortisol producing layers of the adrenal gland

A

Mitotane

177
Q

Selegiline had disappointing clinical studies

T or f

A

T

178
Q

Selegiline is a monoamine ____ used for cognitive dysfunction and PDH in dogs

A

Oxidase-B inhibitor

179
Q

______ anti fungal agent that treats Cushing

A

Ketoconazole

180
Q

Trilostane side effects

A

Lethargy
Weakness
V/D
Inapprtance

181
Q

What is the adrenal steroid synthetic inhibitor that treats PHD due to adrenal tumors

A

Trilostane

182
Q

Pancreas secretes 2 hormones that regulate bg

A

Insulin

Glucagon

183
Q

Where does the pancreas produce the two principle hormones

A

In special cells in the islets of Langerhans

184
Q

What cell is insulin produced by?

What cell glucagon?

A

Beta cell

Alpha cell

185
Q

Insulin causes a ____ in blood glucose cells

Glucagon promotes an ____

A

Decrease

Increase

186
Q

Insulin facilitates cellular uptake of _____ and it’s storage in the form of _____ and fat

A

Glucose

Glycogen

187
Q

T or f

Insulin inhibits the breakdown of fat, protein, and glycogen into forms that may be used as energy sources.

A

T

188
Q

In the absent of insulin the body cannot use ___ and must break down its own fat

A

Glucose

189
Q

Diabetes mellitus is a complex disease that results from the ability of the___ cells of the pancreas to produce enough insulin

A

Beta

190
Q

The most common diabetes mellitus is called type I or insulin dependent and it’s found in dogs and cats
T or f

A

T

191
Q

Diabetes mellitus is caused by inefficient use of insulin

T or f

A

T

192
Q

Type 1 is also known as insulin dependent

T or f

A

T

193
Q

Diabetes mellitus that results from inadequate secretion of insulin is called ______

A

Type 1 or insulin dependent

194
Q

Diabetes mellitus that results from resistance of tissue to the action of insulin is called ______

A

Type II or non insulin dependent

195
Q

Type II or non insulin is rare and it occurs more often in cats
T or f

A

T

196
Q

Both forms of diabetes mellitus cause

A

Polydipsia
Polyuria
Weight loss

197
Q

Untreated diabetes proceeds to a condition called ______ ______ in which body fat is metabolism as a substitute energy source

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis

198
Q

______is a condition in which body fat is metabolized as a substitute energy source

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis

199
Q

Metabolism of body fat results results in accumulation of byproducts called____ bodies which promote metabolic acidosis that can lead to death

A

Ketone

200
Q

Bg levels can be increased by:

A

Corticosteroids
Epinephrine
Progesterone

201
Q

Should you be cautious when giving the drugs corticosteroid, epinephrine, to your diabetic pet
Y or n

A

Yes

202
Q

Is sudden changes in diet and exercise level safe? Why or why not

A

No it can alter the blood glucose level an cause an imbalance in the ratio of insulin to glucose

203
Q

Is insulin given orally effective. Why or why not

A

Not effective because when given orally the digestive tract breaks down the protein molecule before it can be absorbed

204
Q

How can insulin be given

A

Sq
IM
IV

205
Q

Sources of insulin

A

Beef or pork pancreas

206
Q

Which source of insulin is very close in structure to dog and human

A

Pork insulin

207
Q

Which source of insulin is very close in structure to a cat

A

Beef insulin

208
Q

How is insulin concentration measured

A

In units of insulin per milliliter

209
Q

What are the available concentration of insulin

A

40 (U-40). 100 (U-100). 500(U-500)

210
Q

U-40 concentraction makes administering small amounts needed for cats easier
T or f

A

T

211
Q

What color too does a U 40 have

A

Res

212
Q

U 100 syr have an 100 top and are used for 40 insulin

T or f

A

F used for U-100

213
Q

U-40 syringes have a red top and must be used with U-40 insulin
T or f

A

T

214
Q

Usually best to feed the pet ___ minutes before giving insulin

A

30

215
Q

Before giving insulin to pet you should

A 
Feed the pet 30 minute before
Roll cloudy insulin between your palm
Do not shake
Rotate injection site 
Treat mild hypoglycemia with Karo syrup
216
Q

It is okay to shake insulin before giving to pet

T or f

A

F do not shake

217
Q

How would you classify insulin

A

Short acting
Intermediate acting
Long acting

218
Q

What does short acting include?

A

Regular
Lispro
Aspart

219
Q

Short acting includes regular, _____ , and aspart.

A

Lispro

220
Q

Intermediate acting includes:

A

MPH
PZA
Lenten

221
Q

MPH, ____ and Lente are immediate

A

PZA

222
Q

Which two are classified as long acting

A

Detemir

Glargine

223
Q

______ insulin is fast acting and is clear solution that may be given IV, IM or SQ.

A

Regular

224
Q

Regular insulin is fast acting and is a clear solution that may be given ____, ___, or _____.

It is a short acting insulin*

A

IV
IM
SQ

225
Q

What is short acting insulin used to treat for?

A

Diabetic ketoacidotic pets until blood glucose levels are reduced and the animal is metabolically stable

226
Q

What is the side effect of short acting insulin?

A 
Overdose
Weakness
Ataxia
Shaking
sz
227
Q

T or f

Although not required on the label, refrigeration of short acting insulin probably enhances storage?

A

T

228
Q

Short acting insulin is used to treat ____ pets until blood glucose levels are ____ and the animals is metabolically stable.

A

Ketoacidotic

Reduced

229
Q

In intermediate acting insulin what are the intermediate insulin

A

NPH ( neutral protamine hagedorn)
PZI ( protamine zinc insulin)
Lente

230
Q

NPH is a cloudy suspension of ____ insulin crystals and protamine zinc

A

Zinc

231
Q

What is intermediate acting insulin commonly used for?

A

For control of uncomplicated diabetes in dogs and cats

232
Q

Which insulin is used for control of uncomplicated diabetes in dogs and cats

A

Intermediate acting insulin

233
Q

T or f

Vetsulin ( U-40) was withdrawn but is now back on the market

A

T

234
Q

Prozinc (U-40) is used for:

Cats or dogs
Which one

A

Cats

235
Q

Two examples of intermediate acting insulin;

A

Vetsulin (U-40) which was withdrawn now back used for cats and dogs
Prozinc for cats (U-40)

236
Q

Intermediate acting insulin resuspension by gently rolling bottle is required before the product is withdrawn

A

T

237
Q

Long acting insulin two examples

A

Glargine ( lantus)

Detemir (Levemir)

238
Q

Lantus is labeled as ____ insulin used to treat uncomplicated DM

A

Peakless

239
Q

Which long acting insulin is peak less and is used to treat uncomplicated DM

A

Lantus

240
Q

The onset of action of various insulin can vary from a few minutes to a few___.

A

Hours

241
Q

What can influence insulin activity?

A

Exercise level

Eating patterns

242
Q

Insulin overdose can lead to varying degrees of _____ that produce clinical signs ranging from mild weakness to coma

A

Hypoglycemia

243
Q

Insulin overdose can lead to varying degree of hypoglycemia that produce clinical signs ranging from mild ____ to _____

A

Weakness

Coma

244
Q

To use insulin feed animal___ minutes before giving insulin, roll ___ insulin between palms, do not shake except _____.

A

30
Cloudy
Vetsulin

245
Q

When using insulin use syringes only once?

T or f

A

T

246
Q

How can you treat mild to moderate hypoglycemia resulting from an overdose of insulin

A

Feed pt Karo syrup

247
Q

When should insulin be disposed

A

After 30 days or 100 injections

248
Q

How to give insulin:

A 
Feed 30 minutes before giving
Roll cloudy insulin between palms
Do not shake ( except vetsulin)
Disposed after 30 days or 100 injections
Rotate injection site
Use strings only once
249
Q

Hormones that act as growth promoters

A

Sex steroids
Synthetic steroid analogs
Nonsteroidal analogs

250
Q

Growth hormone functions:

A

Control growth
Feed efficiency
Carcass composition

251
Q

The primary sex steroid used to promote weight gain is _____

A

Estrogen ( estradiol)

252
Q

How does estrogen( estradiol) promote weight gain?

A

Through increased water retention
Increased protein synthesis
Increased fat deposition
Possible increased release of growth hormone

253
Q

_____ is also added to growth promoters to slow the release of estradiol.

A

Progesterone

254
Q

____ is the primary sex steroid used because it increases water retention , protein syn, growth hormone release and fat deposition.

A

Estrogen

255
Q

_____ is used as adjunct to estrogen to slow it’s use and prolongs it’s effective lifespan

A

Testosterone

256
Q

Growth hormone examples:

A

Bovine somatotropin

Bovine growth hormone

257
Q

Growth hormone _____ is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary

A

Somatotropin

258
Q

Which growth hormone is produce by the anterior pituitary

A

Somatotropin

259
Q

What is the function of growth hormone

A

It’s function before the onset of puberty is to stimulate growth

260
Q

Growth hormones are released throughout life to promote______

A

Anabolic activity (increase protein synthesis)

261
Q

_____ steroids produce a tissue building effect.

A

Anabolic

262
Q

Testosterone is a naturally occurring anabolic steroid that produces ______ in addition to its anabolic effect

A

Masculininization

263
Q

Anabolic steroids are _____ controlled substances for the potential for abuse by body builders

A

C-III

264
Q

Anabolic steroids also promote ______ formation and used to treat some firms of ______.

A

rbc

Anemia

265
Q

Anabolic steroids are labeled for clinical use for dogs and cats for ______, _______ and ______

A

Anorexia
Weight loss
Debilitation

266
Q

T or f

Anabolic steroid administration causes positive nitrogen balance and reserves processes that break down tissue

A

T

267
Q

Some anabolic steroids:

A

Stanozolol ex. winstrol
Boldenone undecylenate
Nandrolone Decanoate

268
Q

Increase appetite , weight gain, improved overall condition and recovery are promoted in anabolic steroids
T or f

A

T

269
Q

T or f

Anabolic steroids promote rbc formation and are used to treat some forms of anemia?

A

T

270
Q

Anabolic steroid administration causes positive _____ balance

A

Nitrogen

271
Q

T or f

Anabolic steroids produce a tissue building effect.

A

T

272
Q

What growth hormone is released throughout life to promote anabolic activity?

A

Somatotropin

273
Q

What is the function of Somatotropin?

A

Before the onset of puberty is to stimulate growth

274
Q

T or f
The factors that control growth, feed efficiency, and carcass composition animals can be effected by hormones acting as growth promoters

A

T

275
Q

Estrogen is the primary ____ steroid.

A

Sex

276
Q

What is the mechanisms by which estradiol (estrogen) promotes weight gain includes:

A

Increase water retention
Increased protein synthesis
Increase fat deposition
Possible increased release of growth hormone

277
Q

_____ is used as adjunct to estrogen to slow its use because it is an anabolic agent in itself

A

Testosterone

278
Q

T or f

Testosterone is naturally occurring anabolic steroid

A

T

279
Q

Used to promote rbc formation and are used to treat some forms of anemia

A

Anabolic steroids

280
Q

What is FSH?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone. It stimulates ovarian follicle growth and spermatogensis

281
Q

FSH is a tropic hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that

A

It’s a follicle stimulating hormone

that stimulates ovarian follicle growth and spermatogenesis

282
Q

What is TSH, a tropic hormone produced by the anterior pituitary?

A

It is a thyroid stimulating hormone

It stimulates thyroid to produce T3/T4

283
Q

What is ACTH?

It is a tropic hormone produced by the anterior pituitary

A

It is an adrenocorticotropic

Stimulates production of corticosteroids by adrenal cortex

284
Q

What is GH and what does it do?

it’s a tropic hormone and the anterior pituitary

A

Growth hormone

and it’s also called somatotropin

285
Q

What is LH? It is a tropic hormone of the anterior pituitary

A

Luteinizing hormone

It stimulates ovulation and testosterone production

Vet 2 (10 decks)

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