Endocrine - Regulation of Blood Glucose

Question 1

What are the normal levels of glucose in the blood? Both mg/dL and mM

Answer 1

60-100mg/dL

4.5 mM

Question 2

Where is glucose transport into a cell insulin-dependent?

Answer 2

Liver, Muscle, Adipose tissue

Question 3

Where is glucose transport into a cell insulin-independent?

Answer 3

Brain

RBCs

Question 4

What is the organ where most gluconeogenesis occurs?

Answer 4

Liver

Question 5

What tissues can synthesize glycogen?

Answer 5

Liver, muscle

Question 6

What tissue synthesizes FA?

Answer 6

Adipose tissue

Question 7

What is the major fuel source for the brain?

Answer 7

Glucose

Question 8

0-4 hours after eating, which source/process is most blood glucose from?

Answer 8

Exogenous

Question 9

4-16 hours after eating, which source/process is most blood glucose from?

Answer 9

Glycogenolysis

Question 10

16+ hours after eating, which source/process is most blood glucose from?

Answer 10

Gluconeogenesis (peaks at 48 hours)

Question 11

What do glucocorticoids increase? Inhibit?

Answer 11

Increase - gluconeogenesis

Inhibit - extrahepatic uptake of glucose

Question 12

What does GH inhibit?

Answer 12

Decreases glucose uptake in muscle

Question 13

What is a secretagogue? What is the main one for insulin?

Answer 13

Molecule that promotes synthesis/release of a given product

Glucose is the major secretagogue for insulin

Question 14

What type of receptor is the insulin receptor?

Answer 14

Tyrosine kinase receptor

Question 15

Where do you find the GLUT-2 high capacity glucose transporter?

Answer 15

B-cells in pancreas

Question 16

What GLUT transporter is found in msucle and adipose tissue? How does insulin increase glucose uptake of these tissues?

Answer 16

GLUT-4

Makes intracellular pool of receptors express on membrane, allowing glucose to come in

Question 17

Which type of diabetics are more prone to ketoacidosis? Why?

Answer 17

Type I - no insulin means FA are more readily used for energy - glucagon not supressed
Type II - insulin is present so it still can inhibit glucagon

Question 18

Why does glycogen stimualte glycogenolysis in muscle cells but inhibits glucose transport into muscles?

Answer 18

Muscles - glycogenolysis happen in cell is good for energy

Outside glucose needs to be sent to brain

Question 19

What can excess insulin cause?

Answer 19

Hypoglycemia (coma)

Question 20

What level of glucose is needed to see glucosuria?

Answer 20

Glucose above 150mg/100ml