Endocrine - Regulation of Blood Glucose Flashcards
What are the normal levels of glucose in the blood? Both mg/dL and mM
60-100mg/dL
4.5 mM
Where is glucose transport into a cell insulin-dependent?
Liver, Muscle, Adipose tissue
Where is glucose transport into a cell insulin-independent?
Brain
RBCs
What is the organ where most gluconeogenesis occurs?
Liver
What tissues can synthesize glycogen?
Liver, muscle
What tissue synthesizes FA?
Adipose tissue
What is the major fuel source for the brain?
Glucose
0-4 hours after eating, which source/process is most blood glucose from?
Exogenous
4-16 hours after eating, which source/process is most blood glucose from?
Glycogenolysis
16+ hours after eating, which source/process is most blood glucose from?
Gluconeogenesis (peaks at 48 hours)
What do glucocorticoids increase? Inhibit?
Increase - gluconeogenesis
Inhibit - extrahepatic uptake of glucose
What does GH inhibit?
Decreases glucose uptake in muscle
What is a secretagogue? What is the main one for insulin?
Molecule that promotes synthesis/release of a given product
Glucose is the major secretagogue for insulin
What type of receptor is the insulin receptor?
Tyrosine kinase receptor
Where do you find the GLUT-2 high capacity glucose transporter?
B-cells in pancreas
What GLUT transporter is found in msucle and adipose tissue? How does insulin increase glucose uptake of these tissues?
GLUT-4
Makes intracellular pool of receptors express on membrane, allowing glucose to come in
Which type of diabetics are more prone to ketoacidosis? Why?
Type I - no insulin means FA are more readily used for energy - glucagon not supressed
Type II - insulin is present so it still can inhibit glucagon
Why does glycogen stimualte glycogenolysis in muscle cells but inhibits glucose transport into muscles?
Muscles - glycogenolysis happen in cell is good for energy
Outside glucose needs to be sent to brain
What can excess insulin cause?
Hypoglycemia (coma)
What level of glucose is needed to see glucosuria?
Glucose above 150mg/100ml
