Endocrine - Diabetes Flashcards
How much time does it take normally for blood sugars to normalize after a meal?
2 hours
What are the two types/classifications of hyperglycemia?
Fasting hyperglycemia: blood sugar >126mg/dL after no eating/drinking for 8+ hours
Postprandial (after a meal) hyperglycemia: blood sugar> 180mg/dL 2 hours after you eat
What is the most obvious symptom of diabetes mellitus?
Hyperglycemia
What does diabetes mean?
Excessive urine production
What is the gold standard test for diabetes diagnosis?
2 hour glucose tolerance test
How does insulin levels differ between Type I and Type II?
Type I - no insulin produced
Type II - Pancreatic B cells not sensitive to insulin
What genetic predisposition is associated with Type I diabetes?
MHC gene
When do symptoms of Type I appear?
After 70-80% of B cells destroyed
How does IGT (impaired glucose tolerance) affect glucose levels after a meal?
Glucose levels return to normal, just takes longer…4 hours
What condition predisposes you to Type II?
IGT “pre-diabetic state”
What predominates in Type I, contributing to hyperglycemia?
Glucagon
Which type is more likely to get ketoacidosis? Why?
Type I - Increased FFAs lead to ketone bodies - ketosis
Lack of insulin ->lipolysis by cells -> FFA -> ketone bodies
What are the 4 major complications of DM?
Accelerated microvascular disease
Diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic Nephropathy
Peripheral Neuropathy
What is HbA1c? Why is it monitored in diabetes?
Glycosylated hemoglobin, more made when free glucose is taken up by cells
What is the typical glucose level of a person with 6% HbA1c?
120 mg/dL
